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Canine Flashcards

1
Q

What drug shouldn’t you use to tx aggression and why?

A

Benzodiazepines disinhibit fear-motivated aggression.

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2
Q

Breeds predisposed to compulsive disorders (4).

A

Doberman
Bull terrier
GSD
Mini schnauzer

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3
Q

When tx compulsive disorders, how long to see response to SSRI’s?

A

8 weeks

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4
Q

Which signalment will most likely show submissive inappropriate urination?

A

yougn female dogs

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5
Q

Boxer with syncope and sudden death

A

Arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

How do you diagnose ARVC (arrythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy)?
What is considered disease?
When should you treat?
What do you tx with?

A

24-Holter monitor
Disease = >100 VPCs/day OR runs of 2-3 VPCs OR ventricular tachy
Tx >1000 VPCs/day OR runs of v-tachy OR evidence of R on T
Sotalol or Mexiletine + Atenolol

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7
Q

What is pulsus alternans?
What arrythmia is it assc with?

A

Two quick normal pulses in a row followed by a pulse deficit
Assc w/ atrial fibrillation

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8
Q

Irregularly irregular rhythm with no p-waves

A

atrial fibrilation

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9
Q

When should you tx VPCs (4)?

A

HR >180
Pulse deficits
clinical signs
VPC runs >20s

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10
Q

Sequela to VPCs (3)?

A

Hypotension
Myocardial ischemia
CHF

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11
Q

Wide and bizarre QRS on ECG is assc with

A

VPC

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12
Q

How do you tx VPCs in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs - Lidocaine; once controlled procainamide, quinidine, propanolol
Cats - propanolol only

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13
Q

How do you tx ventricular tachycardia?

A

Lidocaine.
If no response, then Procainamide or Quinidine

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14
Q

Is ventricular tachycardia a shockable rhythm?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Absent P-waves, oscillation of baseline, lack of QRS

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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16
Q

What does the ECG of v-fib look like?

A

Absent P-waves
Oscillation of baseline
Lack of QRS

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17
Q

Is ventricular fibrillation a shockable rhythm?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Is ventricular asystole a shockable rhythm?

A

No

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19
Q

What must you do before shocking a patient you believe is in v-fib?

A

Check on ECG that it’s NOT VENTRICULAR ASYSTOLE.

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20
Q

What is the MST of a Doberman with DCM?

A

2 mos after diagnosis

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21
Q

What are 2 breeds assc w/ DCM?

A

Doberman
Cocker Spaniel

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22
Q

What causes DCM in cocker spaniels?

A

Taurine deficiency

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23
Q

A big round heart on CXR suggests what?

A

DCM

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24
Q

How do you tx DCM (3)?

A

Taurine supplementation
L-carnitine
Omega 3 FAs

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25
Q

How do you tx ventricular asystole?

A

Low does Epi and/or Vasopressin

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26
Q

Cardiopulmonary arrest is also known as

A

ventricular asystole

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27
Q

1 congenital heart abn?

A

PDA

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28
Q

Puppy at first vaccine visit with continuous murmur

A

PDA

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29
Q

Murmur heard in PDA

A

“washing machine” murmur

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30
Q

“Washing machine” murmur
“Water hammer” arterial pulse

A

PDA

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31
Q

CXR - over-vascularization of lungs, ductus bump

A

PDA

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32
Q

PDA CXR

A

over-vascularization of lungs
ductus bump

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33
Q

Tx for PDA

A

ductus ligation IF <2 yo

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34
Q

2 congenital heart abn in dogs?

A

pulmonic stenosis

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35
Q

Sudden death of a beagle with RV hypertrophy

A

Pulmonic stenosis

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36
Q

Primary strutural change seen with pulmonic stenosis?

A

RV concentric hypertrophy

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37
Q

L basilar systolic murmur between 2-4 ICS

A

pulmonic stenosis

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38
Q

CXR - reverse “D”

A

pulmonic stenosis

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39
Q

pulmonic stenosis murmur

A

L basilar systolic murmur between 2-4 ICS

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40
Q

Pulmonic stenosis CXR

A

reverse “D”

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41
Q

When should you tx pulmonic stenosis?

A

Only if resulting cardiac changes or blood pressure

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42
Q

Tx for pulmonic stenosis

A

Diuresis
Salt restriction
Exercise restriction

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43
Q

What condition is a “patch graft” surgery for?

A

pulmmonic stenosis

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44
Q

Which breeds typically develop mitral valve dysplasia?

A

GSD, Great Danes

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45
Q

Newfoundland with ascites, syncope, and ejection-type systolic murmur (crescendo-decrescendo).

A

subaortic stenosis

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46
Q

What is a risk of subaortic stenosis?

A

infective endocarditis

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47
Q

Murmur for subaortic stenosis?

A

ejection-type systolic murmur
crescendo-decrescendo
L 2-5 ICS or at thoracic inlet

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48
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

RV hypetrophy
VSD
overriding aorta
pulmonic stenosis

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49
Q

What CBC change is seen with tetralogy of fallot?

A

polycythemia d/t hypoxemia

50
Q

Which breed is assc w/ Tetralogy of Fallot?

51
Q

What is the definitive Dx for CHF?

52
Q

CHF has a juvenile onset in which breed?

A

Portuguese Water Dog

53
Q

Breeds assc w/ CHF (3)

A

Doberman
Great Dane
Boxer

54
Q

Tx for CHF: acute vs chronic

A

FOPS: Furosemide, O2, Pimobendan, Sedation

Diuretics
Dilators
Diet - low sodium

55
Q

What does Quinidine do?

A

reduce HR, neg chronotrope

56
Q

Name 2 beta-blockers

A

Atenolol, Propanolol

57
Q

What class are Atenolol and Propanolol? What do they do?

A

beta-blockers
reduce HR

58
Q

MOA of Diltiazem?

A

Ca-channel blocker, reduces HR

59
Q

MOA of Dobutamine?

A

beta-1 adrenergic agonist
strength contraction

60
Q

Recently adopted dog w/ interittent cough containing foam and blood.
CXR shows lung patterns, RV enlargement, and enlarged pulmonary arteries.

A

Dirofilaria immitis

61
Q

What is caval syndrome?
Cause?
c/s?
Tx?

A

d/t retrograde migration of Dirofilaria into vena cava
Shock, collapse, hemoglobinuria, respiratory distress, ascites.
FATAL w/o surgical extraction of worms

62
Q

When testing for HW, a positive Ag SNAP means what?

A

Diagnostic for adult females

63
Q

CXR for HW

A

Enlarged pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary infiltrates
Hilar lymphadenopathy
RV enlargement

63
Q

3 diagnostics for HW?

A

Ag SNAP - adult females
Microfilaria test
CXR

64
Q

CBC/chem changes for HW?

A

Anemia
thrombocytopenia
eosinophilia
Hyperglobulinemia
Hypoalbuminemia

65
Q

Tx for HW in cats? Why?

A

Only PREDNISONE.
Immiticide/adulticide may cause thromoembolism.

66
Q

Tx HW in dogs?

A

Doxycycline - reduce Wolbachia
Ivermectin
Melarsomine
Prednisone
Strict exercise restriction

67
Q

What looks similar to Dirofilaria immitis but is non-pathogenic?

A

Dipetalonema reconditum

68
Q

Pulmonary hypertension leads to what heart change?

A

RV hypertrophy

69
Q

What is the Cushing’s reflex?

A

Hypertension with bradycardia to maintain intracranial perfusion

70
Q

What sBP causes organ damage?

A

sBP >160 sustained

71
Q

Drug to Tx systemic hypertension?

A

Amlodipine

72
Q

What is Amlodipine used to tx?

A

hypertension

73
Q

Which drug is contraindicated in pericardial effusion?

A

Furosemide - decreases R preload

74
Q

Nutmeg liver on Nx is assc with

A

hepatic venous congestion

75
Q

How do you diagnose pericardial effusion?

A

Pericardiocentesis
Fluid analysis

76
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus? Which disease is it assc with?

A

Weak on inspiration, strong on expiration
Pericardial effusion

77
Q

What is electrical alternans? Which disease is it assc with?

A

QRS varying in amplitude
Pericardial effusion

78
Q

2 ECG abn seen with pericardial effusion?

A

Pulsus paradoxus
Electrical alternans

79
Q

A transudate pericardial effusion is assc with which blood abn?

A

hypoalbuminemiaI

80
Q

1 cause of CHF in dogs?

81
Q

Murmur w/ MMVD?

A

Soft systolic progressing to holo plateau
L 506 ICS

82
Q

“Jet lesions” are assc w/ what cardiac dz?

A

MMVD, endocardiosis

83
Q

Congenital dysplastic MMVD is assc with which 2 breeds?

A

GSD, Great Dane

84
Q

Which drug is contraindicated in tx MMVD?

85
Q

Tricuspid valve insufficiency is usually d/t what disease?

A

MMVD/endocardiosis

86
Q

Murmur assc w/ TV insufficiency?

A

Holosystolic R 4th ICS

87
Q

R Holosystolic murmur 4th ICS
Tall P-wave
RA enlargement, hepatomegaly, ascites

A

Tricuspid valve insufficiency

88
Q

Tx tricuspid valve insufficiency

A

Diuretics
Dilators
Diet
rest
Digoxin

89
Q

Above what BG will you see glucosuria in dog/cat?

A

dog > 180
cat > 200

90
Q

C/s of DM?

A

PU/PD
PP + wt loss

91
Q

Chemistry changes w/ DM?

A

Hyperglycemia >300
Metabolic acidosis
Elv liver enzymes
Hypercholesterolemia

92
Q

Diet change for dog with DM?

A

Increase dietary fiber

93
Q

What disease is hepatocutaneous syndrome assc with?

A

Diabetes mellitus, FATAL

94
Q

How does DM differ in c/s from:
EPI
Cushing’s
Hypothyroid

A

EPI - PP + wt loss, no PU/PD
Cushing’s - PU/PD, PP w/o wt loss
Hypothyroid - wt gain w/o PP

95
Q

Dog in DKA - first tx?

A

IVF - Correct acidosis, e’lytes, hyperosmolality

96
Q

DKA - concurrent diseases (6)

A

Pancreatitis
UTI
Bacterial infections
Hyperthyroid
Cardiac dz
Cushing’s

97
Q

BG in DKA?

A

> 500 g/dl

98
Q

Dx Cushing’s

A
  • Screen: LDDST
  • Differentiate: HDDST
99
Q

CBC/chem abn in Cushing’s

A

Stress leukogram
Thrombocytosis
EXTREMELY ELV ALP
Hypercholesterolemia

100
Q

When Dx Cushing’s, a normal urine cortisol:creatinine means what?

A

Normal r/o Cushing’s

101
Q

Tx Cushing’s

A

Trilostane - PDH
Lysodren
Adrenalectomy

102
Q

PU/PD, PP, panting
Truncal alopecia, pot belly, calcinosis cutis

A

Cushing’s

103
Q

7 yo Standard Poodle that is vomiting, weak, dehydrated, and severely bradycardic.

A

Addison’s

104
Q

What should you do first to Tx Addison’s?

A

Start aggressive IVF to restore vascular volume
Run chemistry panel

105
Q

3 yo FS Lab with vomiting and ADR for 3 days. She’s depressed, dehydrated, and hypoperfused.
She’s initially responsive to IVF and Abx.
Bloodwork shows azotemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia.

A

Addison’s

106
Q

What are the 4 tip-offs of Addisons?

A

Bradycardia
Severe dehydration
Low Na:K
NO stress leukogram

107
Q

Why does Addison’s cause hypovolemic shock?

A

Low aldosterone causes hyponatremia, hyperkalemia –> PU/PD –> dehydration –> shock

108
Q

What is medullary washout?

A

Chronic severe PU/PD results in severe depletion of solutes, thus imparing reabs of Na, Cl, and urea.
Therefore, no urine concentration will occur despite endogenous antidiuretics and intact receptors.

109
Q

How to Dx Addison’s?

A

ACTH stim test
LOW resting cortisol +
Blunted response to Cosynotropin

110
Q

ECG - hyperkalemia

A

Bradycardia
Tall T-wave
Absent P-wave
prolonged P-R
wide QRS

111
Q

Older Golden retriever that’s lethargic, has recently gained weight but has a normal appetite. She has symmetric alopecia, neuro signs, and a tragic face.

A

Hypothyroidism

112
Q

4 yo Doberman with symmetric alopecia, lethargy, and gaining weight but normal appetite.
Bloodwork shows nnn anemia and hypercholesterolemia.

A

Hypothyroidism

113
Q

Bloodwork abn with Hypothyroidism

A

nnn anemia
hyperlipidemia
hypercholesterolemia

114
Q

What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?

A

lymphocytic thyroiditis

115
Q

What is myxedema coma?

A

Tragic face = droopy eyes, thickened facial skin
Coma, hypothermia, bradycardia

116
Q

How to Dx Hypothyroidism?

A

freeT4 by ED - confirms, r/o euthyroid
TSH stim - gold standard but expensive

117
Q

How to tx Hypothyroid?

A

Levothyroxin

118
Q

Bloodwork abn with Coronavirus?

A

Anemia
Neutrophilia
lymphopenia
elv ALP, elv ALT

119
Q

What is tertiary dentin?

A

Get from aggressive chewing, stains easily, turns brown

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