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Bio 101 > Cancer Unit Test > Flashcards

Cancer Unit Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis(asexual) & Meiosis(sexual)

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2
Q

What is the main goal of mitosis?

A

To create TWO identical diploid daughter cells

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3
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth and Repair

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4
Q

What is the main goal of meiosis?

A

To create UNIQUE haploid daughter cells

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5
Q

What id the purpose of meiosis?

A

Reproduction

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6
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Series of events that lead a cell to replicate and produce two identical daughter cells

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7
Q

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and The M phase(Mitotic)

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8
Q

What is the main goal of Interphase?

A

Prepare for division

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9
Q

What are the 3 main phases of Interphase?

A

G1: Growth
S: DNA Synthesis
G2: Growth

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10
Q

What is a Chromatid?

A

1 chromosome

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11
Q

What is a Sister Chromatid?

A

Duplicated chromosome

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12
Q

What is the main goal of mitosis in the M Phase?

A

Divide the nucleus

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13
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
    3.Anaphase
  3. Telophase
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14
Q

What is the main goal of Cytokinesis in the M Phase?

A

Cytoplasmic division

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15
Q

What are some differences cancer and non-cancer cells?

A

Cancer cells= mutated and perform cell division uncontrollably
Non-cancer= cells are normal cells that are not mutated

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16
Q

What are Cell Cycle Checkpoints?

A

These checkpoints ensure a cell divides only when it should

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17
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint check for?

A

Is the cell healthy enough to divide?

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18
Q

What does the S checkpoint check for?

A

Did the cell replicate the DNA properly?

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19
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint check for?

A

Does the cell have the materials to divide

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20
Q

What does the M checkpoint check for?

A

Are the sister chromatids aligned properly?

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21
Q

What are Proto-oncogenes?

A

The “Green Light” that triggers the cell cycle

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22
Q

What happens if the Proto-oncogenes
have a mutation present?

A

Cell consistently gets the “go” signal

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23
Q

What are Tumor Suppressors?

A

The “Red light” that stops the cell cycle

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24
Q

What happens if Tumor Suppressors have a mutation present?

A

Cell does not get the “stop” signal

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25
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A UNDIFFERENTIATED cell capable of forming specialized cells

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26
Q

What is a UNDIFFERENTIATED cell?

A

Cell without a specific function

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27
Q

What is a Totipotent cell?

A

A cell capable of giving rise to all body cells AND placental cells

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28
Q

What is a Pluripotent cell?

A

A cell capable of giving rise to all body cells

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29
Q

What is a Multipotent cell?

A

A capable of giving rise to some body cells?

30
Q

What is Cell Differentiation?

A

The process of acquiring a specialized function

31
Q

What are Transcription Factors?

A

Proteins that turn specific genes on/off

32
Q

Do all cells in your body have the same DNA?

A

Yes

33
Q

Does it matter what genes are expressed, does this impact the function and structure of the cell?

A

Yes it does matter, because if all cells had the same genes our bodies couldn’t function.

34
Q

What is DNA?

A

The Storage unit that contains our genetic information.

35
Q

What is the actual name of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

36
Q

What is the macromolecule of DNA?

A

Nucleic acid

37
Q

What is the monomer of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

38
Q

What are the 3 parts of DNA?

A

Phosphate, Sugar, and a Base(A,T,C,G)

39
Q

What is the backbone of DNA?

A

Sugar and phosphates linked by covalent bonds(strong connection)

40
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

A double-helix

41
Q

What are Ladder Rungs?

A

Base-pairs linked by hydrogen bonds(weak connection/ easier to break and become mutated)

42
Q

What are the Base-pair rules?

A

Adenine=Thymine
Cytosine=Guanine

43
Q

When does DNA Replication occur?

A

During the S phase of Interphase

44
Q

What is the goal of DNA Replication?

A

To create an identical copy of DNA

45
Q

What are the steps of DNA Replication(in order)?

A
  1. Helicase unzips DNA
  2. DNA Polymerase matches
  3. Ligase glues backbone together
46
Q

How will the daughter DNA strands compare to the parental DNA?

A

The daughter strand should be exactly the same as the parent DNA strand

47
Q

What is Semi-conservative Replication?

A

each daughter strand is composed of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand

48
Q

What is Protein Synthesis?

A

Process of using DNA to build a particular protein

49
Q

What are the two steps of Protein Synthesis(in order)?

A

1.Transcription
2.Translation
-(DNA>Transcription>RNA>Translation>Protein)

50
Q

What is Transcription?

A

Process of copying DNA into an mRNA transcript

51
Q

Where does Transcription occur?

A

The nucleus

52
Q

What is the comparison between an Intron and a Exon?

A

Intron= Non-coding region
Exon=Coding region
-
(mRNA>Modified mRNA)

53
Q

What is Translation?

A

(Modified mRNA>Amino Acids>Protein)

54
Q

What is a codon?

A

A group of THREE nucleotides (ex. GAG)

55
Q

Where does Translation take place?

A

The Ribosome, the organelle for assembling amino acids

56
Q

What is tRNA?

A

The molecule responsible for carrying amino acids to ribosome

57
Q

What is an Mutation?

A

A RANDOM change in DNA

58
Q

What is a Mutagen?

A

(Think of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

59
Q

What is an Homologous Chromosome?

A

chromosomes with the same types of genes

60
Q

What is a Pedigree?

A

Diagram showing the inheritance pattern of a particular trait

61
Q

What is an Allele?

A

Alternate versions of the SAME gene

62
Q

What does Homozygous mean?

A

SAME allele versions on homologous chromosomes

63
Q

What does Heterozygous mean?

A

DIFFERENT allele versions on homologous chromosomes

64
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of a trait

65
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

Physical expression of a trait, is influenced by both genes and environment

66
Q

Whats a Punnet Square?

A

Diagram used for predicting the likelihood of offspring genotypes

67
Q

What is Complete Dominance?

A

Dominant allele “masks” the presence of the recessive allele

68
Q

What is Codominance?

A

Both allele versions are equally expressed

69
Q

What is Incomplete Dominance?

A

Allele versions are “blended” to produce a hybrid

70
Q

What doe Sex-linked mean?

A

Genes are found on the X-chromosome
(Never on the Y chromosome)

71
Q

What are Germline Mutations?

A

Mutations that are inherited and is present in every cell, risk of passing on to the next generation

72
Q

What are Acquired Mutation?

A

Mutations you can acquire throughout your life, CANNOT be passed on to the next generation, and only impacts select cells

Bio 101 (1 decks)

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