Cancer Unit Test Flashcards
What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis(asexual) & Meiosis(sexual)
What is the main goal of mitosis?
To create TWO identical diploid daughter cells
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Growth and Repair
What is the main goal of meiosis?
To create UNIQUE haploid daughter cells
What id the purpose of meiosis?
Reproduction
What is the cell cycle?
Series of events that lead a cell to replicate and produce two identical daughter cells
What are the two stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase and The M phase(Mitotic)
What is the main goal of Interphase?
Prepare for division
What are the 3 main phases of Interphase?
G1: Growth
S: DNA Synthesis
G2: Growth
What is a Chromatid?
1 chromosome
What is a Sister Chromatid?
Duplicated chromosome
What is the main goal of mitosis in the M Phase?
Divide the nucleus
What are the four phases of mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
3.Anaphase - Telophase
What is the main goal of Cytokinesis in the M Phase?
Cytoplasmic division
What are some differences cancer and non-cancer cells?
Cancer cells= mutated and perform cell division uncontrollably
Non-cancer= cells are normal cells that are not mutated
What are Cell Cycle Checkpoints?
These checkpoints ensure a cell divides only when it should
What does the G1 checkpoint check for?
Is the cell healthy enough to divide?
What does the S checkpoint check for?
Did the cell replicate the DNA properly?
What does the G2 checkpoint check for?
Does the cell have the materials to divide
What does the M checkpoint check for?
Are the sister chromatids aligned properly?
What are Proto-oncogenes?
The “Green Light” that triggers the cell cycle
What happens if the Proto-oncogenes
have a mutation present?
Cell consistently gets the “go” signal
What are Tumor Suppressors?
The “Red light” that stops the cell cycle
What happens if Tumor Suppressors have a mutation present?
Cell does not get the “stop” signal
What is a stem cell?
A UNDIFFERENTIATED cell capable of forming specialized cells
What is a UNDIFFERENTIATED cell?
Cell without a specific function
What is a Totipotent cell?
A cell capable of giving rise to all body cells AND placental cells
What is a Pluripotent cell?
A cell capable of giving rise to all body cells
What is a Multipotent cell?
A capable of giving rise to some body cells?
What is Cell Differentiation?
The process of acquiring a specialized function
What are Transcription Factors?
Proteins that turn specific genes on/off
Do all cells in your body have the same DNA?
Yes
Does it matter what genes are expressed, does this impact the function and structure of the cell?
Yes it does matter, because if all cells had the same genes our bodies couldn’t function.
What is DNA?
The Storage unit that contains our genetic information.
What is the actual name of DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is the macromolecule of DNA?
Nucleic acid
What is the monomer of DNA?
Nucleotides
What are the 3 parts of DNA?
Phosphate, Sugar, and a Base(A,T,C,G)
What is the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and phosphates linked by covalent bonds(strong connection)
What is the shape of DNA?
A double-helix
What are Ladder Rungs?
Base-pairs linked by hydrogen bonds(weak connection/ easier to break and become mutated)
What are the Base-pair rules?
Adenine=Thymine
Cytosine=Guanine
When does DNA Replication occur?
During the S phase of Interphase
What is the goal of DNA Replication?
To create an identical copy of DNA
What are the steps of DNA Replication(in order)?
- Helicase unzips DNA
- DNA Polymerase matches
- Ligase glues backbone together
How will the daughter DNA strands compare to the parental DNA?
The daughter strand should be exactly the same as the parent DNA strand
What is Semi-conservative Replication?
each daughter strand is composed of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand
What is Protein Synthesis?
Process of using DNA to build a particular protein
What are the two steps of Protein Synthesis(in order)?
1.Transcription
2.Translation
-(DNA>Transcription>RNA>Translation>Protein)
What is Transcription?
Process of copying DNA into an mRNA transcript
Where does Transcription occur?
The nucleus
What is the comparison between an Intron and a Exon?
Intron= Non-coding region
Exon=Coding region
-
(mRNA>Modified mRNA)
What is Translation?
(Modified mRNA>Amino Acids>Protein)
What is a codon?
A group of THREE nucleotides (ex. GAG)
Where does Translation take place?
The Ribosome, the organelle for assembling amino acids
What is tRNA?
The molecule responsible for carrying amino acids to ribosome
What is an Mutation?
A RANDOM change in DNA
What is a Mutagen?
(Think of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)
What is an Homologous Chromosome?
chromosomes with the same types of genes
What is a Pedigree?
Diagram showing the inheritance pattern of a particular trait
What is an Allele?
Alternate versions of the SAME gene
What does Homozygous mean?
SAME allele versions on homologous chromosomes
What does Heterozygous mean?
DIFFERENT allele versions on homologous chromosomes
What is a Genotype?
Genetic makeup of a trait
What is a Phenotype?
Physical expression of a trait, is influenced by both genes and environment
Whats a Punnet Square?
Diagram used for predicting the likelihood of offspring genotypes
What is Complete Dominance?
Dominant allele “masks” the presence of the recessive allele
What is Codominance?
Both allele versions are equally expressed
What is Incomplete Dominance?
Allele versions are “blended” to produce a hybrid
What doe Sex-linked mean?
Genes are found on the X-chromosome
(Never on the Y chromosome)
What are Germline Mutations?
Mutations that are inherited and is present in every cell, risk of passing on to the next generation
What are Acquired Mutation?
Mutations you can acquire throughout your life, CANNOT be passed on to the next generation, and only impacts select cells
