Cancer Unit Test

Question 1

What are the two types of cell division?

Answer 1

Mitosis(asexual) & Meiosis(sexual)

Question 2

What is the main goal of mitosis?

Answer 2

To create TWO identical diploid daughter cells

Question 3

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 3

Growth and Repair

Question 4

What is the main goal of meiosis?

Answer 4

To create UNIQUE haploid daughter cells

Question 5

What id the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 5

Reproduction

Question 6

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 6

Series of events that lead a cell to replicate and produce two identical daughter cells

Question 7

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 7

Interphase and The M phase(Mitotic)

Question 8

What is the main goal of Interphase?

Answer 8

Prepare for division

Question 9

What are the 3 main phases of Interphase?

Answer 9

G1: Growth
S: DNA Synthesis
G2: Growth

Question 10

What is a Chromatid?

Answer 10

1 chromosome

Question 11

What is a Sister Chromatid?

Answer 11

Duplicated chromosome

Question 12

What is the main goal of mitosis in the M Phase?

Answer 12

Divide the nucleus

Question 13

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 13

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
   3.Anaphase
3. Telophase

Question 14

What is the main goal of Cytokinesis in the M Phase?

Answer 14

Cytoplasmic division

Question 15

What are some differences cancer and non-cancer cells?

Answer 15

Cancer cells= mutated and perform cell division uncontrollably
Non-cancer= cells are normal cells that are not mutated

Question 16

What are Cell Cycle Checkpoints?

Answer 16

These checkpoints ensure a cell divides only when it should

Question 17

What does the G1 checkpoint check for?

Answer 17

Is the cell healthy enough to divide?

Question 18

What does the S checkpoint check for?

Answer 18

Did the cell replicate the DNA properly?

Question 19

What does the G2 checkpoint check for?

Answer 19

Does the cell have the materials to divide

Question 20

What does the M checkpoint check for?

Answer 20

Are the sister chromatids aligned properly?

Question 21

What are Proto-oncogenes?

Answer 21

The “Green Light” that triggers the cell cycle

Question 22

What happens if the Proto-oncogenes
have a mutation present?

Answer 22

Cell consistently gets the “go” signal

Question 23

What are Tumor Suppressors?

Answer 23

The “Red light” that stops the cell cycle

Question 24

What happens if Tumor Suppressors have a mutation present?

Answer 24

Cell does not get the “stop” signal

Question 25

What is a stem cell?

Answer 25

A UNDIFFERENTIATED cell capable of forming specialized cells

Question 26

What is a UNDIFFERENTIATED cell?

Answer 26

Cell without a specific function

Question 27

What is a Totipotent cell?

Answer 27

A cell capable of giving rise to all body cells AND placental cells

Question 28

What is a Pluripotent cell?

Answer 28

A cell capable of giving rise to all body cells

Question 29

What is a Multipotent cell?

Answer 29

A capable of giving rise to some body cells?

Question 30

What is Cell Differentiation?

Answer 30

The process of acquiring a specialized function

Question 31

What are Transcription Factors?

Answer 31

Proteins that turn specific genes on/off

Question 32

Do all cells in your body have the same DNA?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

Does it matter what genes are expressed, does this impact the function and structure of the cell?

Answer 33

Yes it does matter, because if all cells had the same genes our bodies couldn't function.

Question 34

What is DNA?

Answer 34

The Storage unit that contains our genetic information.

Question 35

What is the actual name of DNA?

Answer 35

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 36

What is the macromolecule of DNA?

Answer 36

Nucleic acid

Question 37

What is the monomer of DNA?

Answer 37

Nucleotides

Question 38

What are the 3 parts of DNA?

Answer 38

Phosphate, Sugar, and a Base(A,T,C,G)

Question 39

What is the backbone of DNA?

Answer 39

Sugar and phosphates linked by covalent bonds(strong connection)

Question 40

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 40

A double-helix

Question 41

What are Ladder Rungs?

Answer 41

Base-pairs linked by hydrogen bonds(weak connection/ easier to break and become mutated)

Question 42

What are the Base-pair rules?

Answer 42

Adenine=Thymine Cytosine=Guanine

Question 43

When does DNA Replication occur?

Answer 43

During the S phase of Interphase

Question 44

What is the goal of DNA Replication?

Answer 44

To create an identical copy of DNA

Question 45

What are the steps of DNA Replication(in order)?

Answer 45

1. Helicase unzips DNA 2. DNA Polymerase matches 3. Ligase glues backbone together

Question 46

How will the daughter DNA strands compare to the parental DNA?

Answer 46

The daughter strand should be exactly the same as the parent DNA strand

Question 47

What is Semi-conservative Replication?

Answer 47

each daughter strand is composed of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand

Question 48

What is Protein Synthesis?

Answer 48

Process of using DNA to build a particular protein

Question 49

What are the two steps of Protein Synthesis(in order)?

Answer 49

1.Transcription 2.Translation -(DNA>Transcription>RNA>Translation>Protein)

Question 50

What is Transcription?

Answer 50

Process of copying DNA into an mRNA transcript

Question 51

Where does Transcription occur?

Answer 51

The nucleus

Question 52

What is the comparison between an Intron and a Exon?

Answer 52

Intron= Non-coding region Exon=Coding region - (mRNA>Modified mRNA)

Question 53

What is Translation?

Answer 53

Process of translating mRNA codons into amino acids - (Modified mRNA>Amino Acids>Protein)

Question 54

What is a codon?

Answer 54

A group of THREE nucleotides (ex. GAG)

Question 55

Where does Translation take place?

Answer 55

The Ribosome, the organelle for assembling amino acids

Question 56

What is tRNA?

Answer 56

The molecule responsible for carrying amino acids to ribosome

Question 57

What is an Mutation?

Answer 57

A RANDOM change in DNA

Question 58

What is a Mutagen?

Answer 58

Anything that causes mutations in DNA - (Think of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

Question 59

What is an Homologous Chromosome?

Answer 59

chromosomes with the same types of genes

Question 60

What is a Pedigree?

Answer 60

Diagram showing the inheritance pattern of a particular trait

Question 61

What is an Allele?

Answer 61

Alternate versions of the SAME gene

Question 62

What does Homozygous mean?

Answer 62

SAME allele versions on homologous chromosomes

Question 63

What does Heterozygous mean?

Answer 63

DIFFERENT allele versions on homologous chromosomes

Question 64

What is a Genotype?

Answer 64

Genetic makeup of a trait

Question 65

What is a Phenotype?

Answer 65

Physical expression of a trait, is influenced by both genes and environment

Question 66

Whats a Punnet Square?

Answer 66

Diagram used for predicting the likelihood of offspring genotypes

Question 67

What is Complete Dominance?

Answer 67

Dominant allele “masks” the presence of the recessive allele

Question 68

What is Codominance?

Answer 68

Both allele versions are equally expressed

Question 69

What is Incomplete Dominance?

Answer 69

Allele versions are “blended” to produce a hybrid

Question 70

What doe Sex-linked mean?

Answer 70

Genes are found on the X-chromosome (Never on the Y chromosome)

Question 71

What are Germline Mutations?

Answer 71

Mutations that are inherited and is present in every cell, risk of passing on to the next generation

Question 72

What are Acquired Mutation?

Answer 72

Mutations you can acquire throughout your life, CANNOT be passed on to the next generation, and only impacts select cells