Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR 424 Cancer > Cancer Prevention (Week 2 Lecture 1 ) > Flashcards

Cancer Prevention (Week 2 Lecture 1 ) Flashcards

1
Q

What are cancer diagnosis related to?

A
  • genetic defects
  • environment and lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How

% cancer diagnosis related to genetic defects

A

5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

% cancer diagnosis related to environment and lifestyle

A

90-95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some lifestyle factors associated with cancer diagnosis?

A
  • cigarette smoking
  • diet
  • alcohol
  • sun exposure
  • pollutants
  • infections
  • stress
  • obesity
  • physical inactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cancer-related deaths stats

A
  • 25–30% are due to tobacco
  • 15–20% due to infections
  • 10-15% other factors
  • 30-35% are linked to DIET (american cancer society)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is CUP (AICR)

A

The Continuous Update Project (American Institute for Cancer Research) → an ongoing program that analyzes global research on how diet, nutrition and physical activity affect cancer risk and survival.
* 500 page report (2007) synthesizing research in nutrition, metabolism and cancer prevention published since 1996 (earlier report published in 1997 synthesized all previous literature). Updated version available as of 2018
* Synthesized evidence from case-control and cohort studies, as well as the limited number of RCTs that have been done in this area
* Graded evidence as ‘convincing’ , ‘probable’, ‘limited - suggestive’, ‘limited – no conclusion’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

WCRFN

A

World Cancer Research Fund Network

  • To be the most authoritative global report on food, nutrition, weight control , physical activity and cancer prevention
  • To enable governments, policy makers, scientists, health professionals, civic society and all people to use the report and it recommendations effectively
  • To develop and promote the most reliable methods to collect, assess and judge evidence on the causes and prevention of cancer and other diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WCRF/ AICR grades of evidence

A
  • convincing
  • probable
  • limited - suggestive
  • limited - no conclusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WCRF/ AICR convincing evidence

A

strong evidence to support a causal relationship which justifies setting a goal/recommendation that may reduce cancer incidence
* Evidence from more than one study type
* AT least 2 independent cohort studies
* No substantial unexplained disparity in findings of different studies
* Good quality studies (accounted for confounding, selection bias, systematic errors)
* Presence of a plausible response or gradient
* Plausible experimental evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WCRF/ AICR probable evidence

A

strong enough evidence to support a probable causal relationship
* Evidence from at least two cohorts, or 5 case-controls
* No substantial unexplained disparity in findings of different studies
* Good quality studies (accounted for confounding, selection bias, systematic errors)
* evidence of biological plausibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WCRF/ AICR limited-suggestive evidence

A

Biased, not great quality
* Some evidence suggestive of a direct effect
* Evidence is relatively consistent, despite potential methodological flaws
* Evidence from at least 2 cohorts, or 5 case-controls
* Evidence for biological plausibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WCRF/ AICR limited-no conclusion evidence

A

Entry level (i.e. warrants consideration) → not enough evidence
* Low number of studies
* Inconsistent direction of effect (studies show different things)
* Poor quality studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Current cancer prevention guidelines

KNOW THESE

A
  • body weight
  • activity
  • energy
  • fruit/ veg
  • meat
  • alcohol
  • other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cancer prevention: body weight

A

Maintain a healthy body weight
* Be as lean as possible without being underweight
* Avoid weight gain in adult life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Obesity and abdominal fatness – potential mechanisms

A
  • Obesity influences hormone levels: Adipokines are produced by adipocytes and influence tumor growth (disregulation of hormones)
  • IGF-1 and insulin tend to be elevated in obesity → IGF-1 and insulin may promote growth of cancer cells (leptin may serve as growth factor)
  • Estrogen synthesis occurs in adipose tissue in men and post-menopausal women → May increase risk of certain cancers in chronic inflammatory situations
  • Low grade chronic inflammation occurs in obesity → higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (can stimulate tumour growth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cancer prevention: physical activity

A

Helps to maintain healthy body weight
* Be physically active at least 30 minutes every day
* Be physically active as part of every day life

17
Q

Physical activity – potential mechanisms

A
  • May help achieve/maintain a healthy body weight
  • May help enhance immune function (lower inflammation)
  • May be associated with lower levels of estrogen
  • May positively enhance gut transit time (may have beneficial impact on colon cancer risk) → positive effect on microbiome and bile acid
18
Q

challenges with self-reports of activity

A
  • Classifications vary
  • Measurement is difficult
  • Confounding often happens (health conscious non-smokers, with ‘healthy’ diets tend to be physically active)
  • Reporting bias can occur → people recall vigorous acitvity more clearly than low-level but higher duration activities
19
Q

Cancer prevention: energy

A
  • Avoid sugary drinks → different mechanism in brain from that of food and does not shut off compensation
  • Limit consumption of energy dense foods.
20
Q

Cancer prevention: plant foods

A
  • Eat more of a variety of veg, fruits, whole grains and pulses
  • Colour matters! Protective vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals
21
Q

fruits and vegetables to eat for cancer prevention

A
  • Crucifers → 1 serving per day → help eliminate carcinogens once broken down in the body → arugula, bok choi, broccoli, kale, cabbage, brussel sprouts, radish, cauliflower etc.
  • Allium → onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, chives
  • Phytoestrogens → Isoflavones (Legumes/ soybeans), Lignans (Flaxseed, seaweed, whole grains), Stilbenes (Resveratrol), Coumestans
22
Q

cancer prevention: animal foods

A

Limit intake of red meat and avoid processed meat

23
Q

Evidence for processed and red meat association with cancer

A

WCRF/AICR 2007
* Convincing increased risk of colorectal cancers
* Limited suggestive increased risk of cancers of the esophagus, lung, pancreas, endometrium (red meat)

24
Q

Processed and red meat intake – potential mechanisms

A
  • High temperature cooking – promotes formation of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (mutagens and carcinogens)
  • Nitrates/nitrites/salt used to cure meats can form nitrosamines (mutagens and carcinogens in animal studies)
  • Iron (heme) in myoglobin may catalyse nitrosamine formation
  • Relatively high fat content in some meats/processed meats may increase concentration of secondary bile acids in stool (faeces) that may be carcinogenic in colon/rectum
25
Q

What is relative risk

A

the ratio of those exposed versus those who are not – For foods, the group with highest intake determines estimated risk

26
Q
  • RR for colon cancer & processed meat
  • RR for lung cancer & cigarette smoking
  • RR for liver cancer & aflatoxin contaminated
A
  • RR for colon cancer & processed meat: - 1.18 per 50 g/day or 18% ↑
  • RR for lung cancer & cigarette smoking = 10-30 or 1000-3000% ↑
  • RR for liver cancer & aflatoxin contaminated grain = 6 or 600% ↑
27
Q

What is absolute risk

A

the probability or chance of an event.
* It is usually used for the number of events (such as a disease) that occurred in a group, divided by the number of people in that group. Absolute risk is one of the most understandable ways of communicating health risks to the general public.

28
Q

Lifetime risk of colon cancer among vegetarians (absolute risk)

A

4.5%

29
Q

Lifetime risk of colon cancer among people who eat two ounces of processed meat every day (absolute risk)

A

5.3%

30
Q

cancer prevention: alcoholic drinks

A

Limit intake of alcoholic drinks
* Those who drink, consume no more than 1 (women) to 2 (men) drinks per day

31
Q

Cancer prevention: special recommendation 1

A

Dietary Supplements
* Aim to meet nutritional needs through diet alone
* Dietary supplements are not recommended for cancer prevention

32
Q

Cancer prevention: special recommendation 2

A

Breastfeeding
* Mothers to breastfeed; children to be breastfed → also linked to reduction in obesity for both mom and child and lower risk for child
* infants exclusively up to 6 months and continue with complementary feeding thereafter

33
Q

Cancer prevention: special recommendation 3

A

Cancer Survivors → Follow the recommendations for cancer prevention
* stay away from tobacco
* Maintain healthy weight
* Eat healthy
* Keep moving
* Dont drink alcohol
* Protect skin from sun
* Know family history
* To regular check-ups

NUTR 424 Cancer (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions