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Med Conditions > Cancer in adults and children > Flashcards

Cancer in adults and children Flashcards

1
Q

Anti-cancer approaches

A

surgery: remove tumor
radiation: kill rapidly dev. cells (tumor and adjacent tissues)

chemotherapy: kill rapidly dev. cells

hormone therapy: inhibit growth and survival of hormone dependent tumor cells

targeted therapy: inhibit processes required for tumor growth

immunotherapy : recruit immune system to attack tumor cells

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2
Q

How to quantify toxicity

A

National cancer institute (NCI)
Common Terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE)
1-5
5= death

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3
Q

Myelosuppression

A

Bone marrow suppression, is a decrease in bone marrow activity that results in reduced production of blood cells.

most common dose dependent toxicity

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4
Q

Neutropenia

A

decrease in neuraphil count
WBC
decrease exposure

normal : 1,200 cells / mm^3

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5
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

decrease in platelets
increase bleeding risk

CV: <50,000 to 20,000

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6
Q

Anemia

A

Decrease in RBC (hemoglobin)

Hemoglobin CV : <7-8 g/dL

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7
Q

Alopecia

A

decreased hair on scalp

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8
Q

Chemo brain

A

chemo fog , shift in cognitive function , may improve over 6 months -2 years follwoing treatment

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9
Q

Taxanes and Vinca Alkaloids

A

Interfere with M phase
Mitosis prevented by tubulin disruption

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10
Q

Side effects of Taxanes and Vinca Alkaloids

A

Peripheral neuropathy
stocking glove

Cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias, Bradycardia , HF)

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11
Q

Alkylating agents

A

prevents cell division
S phase

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12
Q

Side effects of alkylating agents

A

Mylosuppression
hemorrhagic cystitis
cardiotoxicity
neurotoxicity

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13
Q

Anthracycline

A

“rubicins”
prevents cell devision
inhibits DNA replication (G1, 2 phase)

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14
Q

Side effect for anthracycline

A

cardiotoxixity

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15
Q

Doxiorubicin

A

hand foot syndrome:
erythema and swelling, painful itching /burning
blistering, desquamation

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16
Q

HER2 monoclonal antibodies

A

human epidermal growth factor : over expressed in some brest cancers, MOA: binds to HER2 receptor preventing receptor activation and slows growth

17
Q

Hormone therapy

A

anti-estrogenic agents
antiestrogens
Androgen deprivation therapy : prostate cancer
Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist

estrogen fuels growth and division of breast cancer cells

hormone therapy inhibits estrogen molecule from receptor

18
Q

Radiation therapy

A

XRT: damages DNA of exposed tissue

targets tumor : limits normal tissue

non selective

19
Q

Brachytherapy

A

internal radiotherapy

prostate , skin , cervical , breast brain

20
Q

Side effects to radiation

A

immunosuppression
skin changes
GI changes
Fatigue

Radiation myelitis : nerve damage

Avascular necrosis

21
Q

Bone marrow transplant

A

side effect GVDH: graft versus host disease donated cells recognize the recipient cells as foreign

22
Q

DNA vs RNA ATG and C base pairs

A

DNA: AGCT
RNA: AGCU

23
Q
A
23
Q
A
23
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24
Q
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25
Q

Genotype vs phenotype

A

Genotype is genetic composition of ind. organism

Phenotype is observable traits

26
Q

what is cancer

A

abnormal cell devision : neoplasia

27
Q

Carcinogenesis the drivers of cancer

A
  1. Increase in Proto-oncogenes and oncogene
    (promote cancer growth)
  2. Decrease in tumor suppressor genes (anti-concogenes)
  3. Decrease in DNA repair genes
28
Q

Benign

A

slow growth , non invasive , no metastasis

29
Q

Malignant

A

Rapid growth , invasive , potential for metastasis

30
Q

TNM staging

A

T-tumor size
N: spread to regional lymph nodes
M: presence of distant metastasis

31
Q

Tumor grades

A

Gx: cannot be assessed
G1: low grade
G2: moderately differentiated
G3:poorly differentiated high grade
G4 undifferentiated (high grade)

32
Q

Diagnostic testing cancer

A

PET
FDG: fluorodeoxyglucose

33
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

disease of the plasma cells of the immune system

33
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer cells originate in the bone barrow and blood

33
Q

Lymphoma

A

cancer cells originate in lymph node and lymphatic system

34
Q

most common cancer diagnosis for children

A

28 % Leukemia: bone marrow and blood

brain and CNS tumors 26%

35
Q

two most common treatment side effects in children

A
  1. peripheral neuropathy
  2. cancer related fatigue

Med Conditions (6 decks)

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