Cancer Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
What are the steps of carcinogenesis?
A
1 - Normal epithelium 2 - Hyper-proliferative epithelium 3 - Early adenoma 4 - intermediate adenoma 5 - late adenoma 6 - carcinoma 7 - metastasis
2
Q
Outline the differences in appearance between normal and cancerous cells?
A
- large no. dividing cells
- etc
3
Q
What are factors that can cause cancer?
A
- Chemical and radiation causing cancer ( environment)
- Viruses introducing foreign genes (exogenous genes)
- Genetics
4
Q
List the emerging hallmarks of cancer.
A
Avoiding immune destruction. Tumour promoting inflammation Deregulating cell energetics. Genome instability and mutation.
5
Q
What are ethe 6 hallmarks of cancer?
A
Etc
6
Q
What is the ratio of germ line mutations to somatic mutations causing cancer.
A
1:9
7
Q
Passenger Mutation
A
Many mutations can be tolerated by somatic cells (often in heterozygote state)
8
Q
Driver mutation
A
Few mutations can confer a selective advantage and are recurrently found (in homozygous state)
