Cancer Genetics Flashcards
Tumour suppressor genes are mostly inactivated by?
Deletion
Which genes are classified as oncogenes?
Telomerases
Angiogenes
Cell migration genes
Which genes are regarded as tumor suppressor genes?
Pro apoptosis genes.
Dna repair genes.
Cell adhesion genes.
What is cancer immunity??
Response of the host immune system to the presence, progression and development of cancer
The immuno surveillance system includes??
Cytotoxic t cells
NK cells
B cells
Effector t cells
List the immunosuppressive cytokines
TGF beta
IL 10
VEGF
What are the evidences of tumor immunity?
Higher occurrence of tumor after immunosuppression.
Proliferation of lymphocytes in draining lymph nodes.
Regression of metastases after primary tumor removal.
Infiltration of tumor by lymphocytes and macrophages.
What are tumor markers?
They are either tumor antigen or tumor products
What are some examples of tumor antigens?
AFP- hepatocellular
CEA- biliary and breast cancer
Cancer Ag 125- ovarian cancer
Cancer Ag 19-9- colon, pancreatic tumors
Prostatic specific Ag
Examples of tumor products include?
Hormones :
Thyroxine
HCG
Enzymes:
Acid phosphatase- prostrate CA
Alkaline phosphatase- pancreas CA
What are the steps that can be taken in cancer immunotherapy??
Administration of cytokine therapy.
Enhancement of APC.
Manipulation of Co stimulatory signals.
Transplantation.
What are the mechanisms by which tumor escape immune deficiencies?
Reduced levels of MHC class I molecules.
Masking of tumor Ags by sialic acid.
Cessation of expression of tumor antigens.
Production of immunosuppressive cells by tumor.
What are the common structural abnormalities associated with tumor?
Balanced translocations
Deletions
Mutations
Gene amplifications
What is epigenetics?
Change in the gene expression without mutation.
