Cancer Fundamentals Flashcards
What is a Proto-oncogene?
A type of gene that causes cancer when mutated: Proto-oncogenes promote (initiate) and regulate cell division and differentiation; when mutated proto-oncogenes become mutated (oncogenes) this enables a cell to divide without regulation. Proto-oncogene often mutated into oncogenes by suffering a single nucleotide point mutation (ie RAS).
EXAMPLES:
EGFR (receptor)
RAS/KRAS (signaling)
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
A type of gene that can cause cancer when mutated: A tumor suppressor gene normally controls (interrupts) cell growth and division. When mutated, tumor suppressor genes may no longer retain the ability to control cell growth and division, leading to uncontrolled growth/cancer.
EXAMPLES:
TP53 (prevents replication of damaged DNA and induces apoptosis)
BRCA1, BRCA2 (Repairs damaged DNA), RB (stops DNA replication)
What is a “DNA repair gene?
A type of gene that can cause cancer when mutated: A gene involved in DNA repair. When altered, DNA repair genes are unable to repair DNA and cells tend to accumulate DNA damage such as additional mutations and chromosomal changes (duplications or deletions) which may cause the cells to become cancerous.
What is cancer?
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body
What are some differences between cancer cells and normal cells?
grow in the absence of signals telling them to grow. Normal cells only grow when they receive such signals.
ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or to die (a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis).
invade into nearby areas and spread to other areas of the body. Normal cells stop growing when they encounter other cells, and most normal cells do not move around the body.
tell blood vessels to grow toward tumors. These blood vessels supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products from tumors.
hide from the immune system. The immune system normally eliminates damaged or abnormal cells.
trick the immune system into helping cancer cells stay alive and grow. For instance, some cancer cells convince immune cells to protect the tumor instead of attacking it.
accumulate multiple changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Some cancer cells have double the normal number of chromosomes.
rely on different kinds of nutrients than normal cells. In addition, some cancer cells make energy from nutrients in a different way than most normal cells. This lets cancer cells grow more quickly.
How does cancer develop:
Is cancer a genetic disease?
What happens to the DNA?
What happens to cell growth/division?
Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, it is caused by changes to the DNA sequence (genes) that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide.
What is metastatic cancer?
A cancer that has spread from the place where it first formed to another place in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis.
Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. For example, breast cancer that forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer.
Under a microscope, do metastatic cancer cells generally look the same as cells of the original cancer?
Yes! Moreover, metastatic cancer cells and cells of the original cancer usually have some molecular features in common, such as the presence of specific chromosome changes.
Is Hyperplasia cancer?
No. Hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue multiply faster than normal and extra cells build up. However, the cells and the way the tissue is organized still look normal under a microscope. Hyperplasia can be caused by several factors or conditions, including chronic irritation.
Is Dysplasia cancer?
Compare to hyperplasia, especially how do the cells/tissue look?
List one example of dysplasia.
No.
Dysplasia is a more advanced condition than hyperplasia. In dysplasia, there is also a buildup of extra cells. But the cells look abnormal and there are changes in how the tissue is organized. In general, the more abnormal the cells and tissue look, the greater the chance that cancer will form. Some types of dysplasia may need to be monitored or treated, but others do not.
An example of dysplasia is an abnormal mole (called a dysplastic nevus) that forms on the skin. A dysplastic nevus can turn into melanoma, although most do not.
Is Carcinoma in situ cancer?
No. Carcinoma in situ is an even more advanced condition (compared to Hyperplasia and Dysplasia). Although it is sometimes called stage 0 cancer, it is not cancer because the abnormal cells do not invade nearby tissue the way that cancer cells do. But because some carcinomas in situ may become cancer, they are usually treated.
What is a Carcinoma?
What shape are the cells when viewed under a microscope?
True or false:
Carcinomas are the least common type of cancer.
Carcinomas are formed by epithelial cells, which are the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body (derived from the embryonic ectoderm). There are many types of epithelial cells/carcinomas.
The cells have a column-like shape when viewed under a microscope.
FALSE
Carcinomas are the MOST common type of cancer.
What are 4 different types of Carcinoma?
Carcinomas that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names:
Adenocarcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
What is Adenocarcinoma?
Carcinomas (the most common type of cancer) that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names:
Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that forms in epithelial cells that produce fluids or mucus. Tissues with this type of epithelial cell are sometimes called glandular tissues. Most cancers of the breast, colon, and prostate are adenocarcinomas
What is Basal cell carcinoma?
Carcinomas (the most common type of cancer) that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names:
Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the lower or basal (base) layer of the epidermis, which is a person’s outer layer of skin.
What is Squamous cell carcinoma?
Carcinomas (the most common type of cancer) that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names:
Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in squamous cells, which are epithelial cells that lie just beneath the outer surface of the skin. Squamous cells also line many other organs, including the stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, and kidneys. Squamous cells look flat, like fish scales, when viewed under a microscope. Squamous cell carcinomas are sometimes called epidermoid carcinomas.
What is Transitional cell carcinoma?
Carcinomas (the most common type of cancer) that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names:
Transitional cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in a type of epithelial tissue called transitional epithelium, or urothelium. This tissue, which is made up of many layers of epithelial cells that can get bigger and smaller, is found in the linings of the bladder, ureters, and part of the kidneys (renal pelvis), and a few other organs. Some cancers of the bladder, ureters, and kidneys are transitional cell carcinomas.
What is a Sarcoma?
Sarcomas are cancers that originate from the embryonic mesoderm (middle layer). Sarcomas form in bone and soft tissues including: muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments).
What are some types of Sarcomas?
What is the most common?
Sarcomas are cancers, originating from the mesoderm, that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments.
Osteosarcoma is the most common - bone cancer.
The most common types of soft tissue sarcoma are:
leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle
Kaposi sarcoma - skin, mucous membranes that line the GI tract, blood vessels, lymph nodes, and other organs
malignant fibrous histiocytoma
liposarcoma and
dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
What is an Osteosarcoma?
Sarcomas are cancers, originating from the mesoderm, that form in Bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments.
Osteosarcoma is the most common Sarcoma. Osteosarcoma is cancer of bone.
What is an Leiomyosarcoma (LMS)?
Sarcomas are cancers, originating from the mesoderm, that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments.
Leiomyosarcoma is a soft tissue sarcoma, a rare type of cancer that grows in the smooth muscles. A malignant (cancer) tumor of smooth muscle cells that can arise almost anywhere in the body, but is most common in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis.
What is Kaposi sarcoma?
Sarcomas are cancers, originating from the mesoderm, that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments.
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels. The cancer forms growths of cells, called lesions, on the skin. The lesions often form on the face, arms and legs. The lesions may look pink, red, purple or brown.
Lesions also can appear on the genitals or in the mouth. In severe Kaposi sarcoma, lesions can be in the digestive tract and lungs.
What is malignant fibrous histiocytoma?
Sarcomas are cancers, originating from the mesoderm, that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a type of cancer that usually forms in the soft tissue, but it may also form in bone. It can occur anywhere in the body, but it usually occurs in the legs (especially the thighs), arms, or back of the abdomen. It may also occur in a part of the body where a patient received radiation therapy in the past. Malignant fibrous histiocytomas often grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs. They usually occur in older adults, and they may sometimes occur as a second cancer in patients who had retinoblastoma. Also called malignant fibrous cytoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
What is a Liposarcoma?
Sarcomas are cancers, originating from the mesoderm, that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments.
Liposarcomas are the most common subtype of soft tissue sarcomas, accounting for at least 20% of all sarcomas in adults. Liposarcomas arise from the precursor lipoblasts of the adipocytes (i.e. fat cells) in adipose (i.e. fat) tissues. A rare type of cancer that begins in fat cells. It usually forms in the layer of fat just under the skin or in the deep soft tissues of the legs (especially in the thigh or back of the knee) or in the abdomen. It may also form in other parts of the body. Most liposarcomas are painless and tend to grow slowly, but some may grow quickly and spread to nearby tissue or to other parts of the body. Liposarcomas usually occur in adults, and are rare in children and adolescents. They are a type of soft tissue sarcoma.
What is dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?
Sarcomas are cancers, originating from the mesoderm, that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a type of tumor that begins as a hard nodule and grows slowly. These tumors are usually found in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) of the limbs or trunk of the body. They can grow into surrounding tissue but do not spread to other parts of the body. These tumors are related to giant cell fibroblastomas.
What is Leukemia?
Leukemia are cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow. These cancers do not form solid tumors. Instead, large numbers of abnormal white blood cells (leukemia cells and leukemic blast cells) build up in the blood and bone marrow, crowding out normal blood cells.
Leukemia occurs most often in adults older than 55, but it is also the most common cancer in children younger than 15.
What are 4 common types of Leukemia?
Leukemia is a broad term for cancers of the blood cells that begin in the bone marrow. The type of leukemia depends on the type of blood cell that becomes cancer and whether it grows quickly or slowly.
There are four common types of leukemia, which are grouped based on how quickly the disease gets worse (acute or chronic) and on the type of blood cell the cancer starts in (lymphoblastic or myeloid). Acute forms of leukemia grow quickly and chronic forms grow more slowly.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common kind of leukemia. It usually occurs in young children but can also occur in adults. It’s sometimes called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) is the most common kind of aggressive leukemia in adults. It can also affect children. This type of leukemia starts in the myeloid cells of the bone marrow and can spread quickly into the blood.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of slow-growing leukemia. It usually affects older adults. CLL starts in the lymphoid (white blood) cells of the bone marrow and progresses slowly. A person with CLL may feel fine for several years before experiencing symptoms or seeking treatment. But it can eventually enter the blood and spread to other parts of the body.
Chronic myelogenous (CML) leukemia usually affects adults. It’s sometimes called chronic myeloid leukemia. This type of leukemia starts in the myeloid cells of the bone marrow. It grows slowly, so symptoms may not start for months or years. CML can eventually spread to the blood and other parts of the body.
What is Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), one of the 4 most common types of Leukemia?
Leukemia is a broad term for cancers of the blood cells that begin in the bone marrow. The type of leukemia depends on the type of blood cell that becomes cancer and whether it grows quickly or slowly.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common kind of leukemia. It usually occurs in young children but can also occur in adults. It’s sometimes called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
What is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML), one of the 4 most common types of Leukemia?
Leukemia is a broad term for cancers of the blood cells that begin in the bone marrow. The type of leukemia depends on the type of blood cell that becomes cancer and whether it grows quickly or slowly.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) is the most common kind of aggressive leukemia in adults. It can also affect children. This type of leukemia starts in the myeloid cells of the bone marrow and can spread quickly into the blood.
What is Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), one of the 4 most common types of Leukemia?
Leukemia is a broad term for cancers of the blood cells that begin in the bone marrow. The type of leukemia depends on the type of blood cell that becomes cancer and whether it grows quickly or slowly.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of slow-growing leukemia. It usually affects older adults. CLL starts in the lymphoid (white blood) cells of the bone marrow and progresses slowly. A person with CLL may feel fine for several years before experiencing symptoms or seeking treatment. But it can eventually enter the blood and spread to other parts of the body.
What is Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), one of the 4 most common types of Leukemia?
Leukemia is a broad term for cancers of the blood cells that begin in the bone marrow. The type of leukemia depends on the type of blood cell that becomes cancer and whether it grows quickly or slowly.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) usually affects adults. It’s sometimes called chronic myeloid leukemia. This type of leukemia starts in the myeloid cells of the bone marrow. It grows slowly, so symptoms may not start for months or years. CML can eventually spread to the blood and other parts of the body.
What is Lymphoma?
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells or B cells). These are disease-fighting white blood cells that are part of the immune system. In lymphoma, abnormal lymphocytes build up in lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as in other organs of the body.
There are two main types of lymphoma:
Hodgkin lymphoma – People with this disease have abnormal lymphocytes that are called Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells usually form from B cells.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – This is a large group of cancers that start in lymphocytes. The cancers can grow quickly or slowly and can form from B cells or T cells.
What are some Key Differences Between Leukemia, Lymphoma, and Myeloma?
Leukemia is the most prevalent of “The Big Three”. Leukemia starts in a person’s blood forming tissue (bone marrow) and will cause an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells which will eventually travel into the bloodstream.
Leukemia is broken down into two types, chronic and acute. Chronic leukemia tends to be the less severe of the two, progresses at a slower pace, and inhibits the development of healthy blood stem cells. Acute leukemia progresses rapidly and prevents healthy blood stem cells from being able to mature as necessary. Symptoms of acute leukemia appear earlier than chronic leukemia, and are often more severe.
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Lymphoma is the cancer of the lymphatic system, (the body’s germ fighting system). The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, spleen, the thymus gland and bone marrow. With lymphoma, Lymphocytes (B and T cells) develop a genetic mutation. This mutation causes the cells to rapidly multiply and survive in the lymphatic system causing the lymph nodes, the spleen, and liver to swell.
The two most common forms:
Hodgkins- usually form from B-cells, typically begins in the upper portion of the body’s lymph nodes, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
Non-Hodgkin’s (most common form), can form from B or T cells, will arise in lymph nodes anywhere in the body, are characterized by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
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Myeloma, is the overproduction of abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow, these cells remain in the bone marrow and do not travel to the bloodstream. Plasma cells are responsible for the production of antibodies. The two most common forms of myeloma are multiple myeloma (located at multiple sites in the body at the time of diagnosis) and Plasmacytoma myeloma (located in one area of the body, most often in the bones, skin, muscles or lungs).
What are the two main types of Lymphoma?
Hodgkin lymphoma – People with this disease have abnormal lymphocytes that are called Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells usually form from B cells.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – This is a large group of cancers that start in lymphocytes. The cancers can grow quickly or slowly and can form from B cells or T cells.
What is Melanoma?
Melanoma is cancer that begins in cells that become melanocytes, which are specialized cells that make melanin (the pigment that gives skin its color). Most melanomas form on the skin, but melanomas can also form in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye.
What are Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors, how are they named?
There are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors. These tumors are named based on the type of cell in which they formed and where the tumor first formed in the central nervous system. For example, an astrocytic tumor begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes, which help keep nerve cells healthy. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
What are the main types of skin cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Melanoma is much less common than the other types but much more likely to invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Most deaths from skin cancer are caused by melanoma.
What is a germ cell tumor? What are some of the types? Can germ cell tumors be either benign or malignant?
Germ cell tumors are a type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. These tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant.
Central Nervous System, Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor,
Childhood Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor
Testicular Cancer
What are Neuroendocrine Tumors?
Are these tumors always malignant?
Name some examples (7)
Neuroendocrine Tumors form from cells that release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system. Neuroendocrine tumors may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones, which can cause many different symptoms.
These tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are:
1. carcinoid tumors
2. islet cell tumors
3. medullary thyroid cancer
4. pheochromocytomas
5. neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell cancer)
6. small cell lung cancer
7. large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (a rare type of lung cancer
What are Carcinoid tumors?
What speed of growth?
Where are they typically found (what two tissues most common)
What syndrome can they cause, and how?
Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor. They are slow-growing tumors that are usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the rectum and small intestine). Carcinoid tumors may spread to the liver or other sites in the body, and they may secrete substances such as serotonin or prostaglandins, causing carcinoid syndrome.
What is carcinoid syndrome?
A combination of symptoms caused by the release of serotonin and other substances from carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include flushing of the face, flat angiomas (small collections of dilated blood vessels) of the skin, diarrhea, bronchial spasms, rapid pulse, and sudden drops in blood pressure.
Define incidence.
new cases
Define prevalence.
All existing cases
Define mortality.
Deaths
Define survival
How long people survive after diagnosis
Define morbidity
Cancer-related health complications
Define survivorship
Survival beyond cancer treatment (including quality of life)
Define financial toxicity
Financial toxicity describes problems a cancer patient has related to the cost of treatment.
KEY POINTS
Several studies show that cancer patients and survivors are more likely to have financial toxicity than are people without cancer.
The level of financial toxicity you may have will depend on several factors in your household.
Cancer treatment can affect your ability to work and pay your bills.
Your age, race, income, and whether you have a job can affect your risk of financial toxicity.
Cancer disparities (sometimes called cancer health disparities) are differences in cancer measures/outcomes/metrics such as 9 listed):
- incidence (new cases)
- prevalence (all existing cases)
- mortality (deaths)
- survival (how long people survive after diagnosis)
- morbidity (cancer-related health complications)
- survivorship (including quality of life after cancer treatment)
- financial burden of cancer or related health conditions
- screening rates
- stage at diagnosis
Define Carcinogenesis
Process by which a normal cell develops into a cancer cell
Define somatic mutation theory
-> 3 features related to genetics, cellular origins, irreversibility)
Is this the predominant model?
The predominant cancer model
1. Cancer is a disease of genetic variants
2. Cancer arises from a single somatic cell
3. Initiation and carcinogenesis are irreversible
What are three characteristics of cancer STEM CELLS described by the: Cancer Stem Cell model (how are they different from OTHER CANCER cells):
Tumors are heterogeneous.
Cancer stem cells have special characteristics within the tumor:
Only Cancer stem cells can:
1. become a new tumor
2. go into resting phase (resistance to treatment thereby surviving treatment)
3. move back into active phase (causing relapse)
Define two hit hypothesis
According to a “two-hit” model, dominantly inherited predisposition to cancer entails a germline mutation, while tumorigenesis requires a second, somatic, mutation. Non-hereditary cancer of the same type requires the same two hits, but both are somatic.
Define Hanahan and Weinberg’s model of cellular events to produce Malignancy (6 steps related to: (1) cell signaling; (2) growth suppressors; (3) immortality; (4) invasion/metastasis; (5) angiogenesis and (6) cell death)
(1) sustaining proliferative signaling; (2) evading growth suppressors; (3) enabling replicative immortality; (4) activating invasion and metastasis; (5) inducing angiogenesis and (6) resisting cell death.
Describe the cell cycle
Cell cycle is the name we give the process through which cells replicate and make two new cells. Cell cycle has different stages called G1, S, G2, and M. G1 is the stage where the cell is preparing to divide. To do this, it then moves into the S phase where the cell copies all the DNA. So, S stands for DNA synthesis. After the DNA is copied and there’s a complete extra set of all the genetic material, the cell moves into the G2 stage, where it organizes and condenses the genetic material, or starts to condense the genetic material, and prepares to divide. The next stage is M. M stands for mitosis. This is where the cell actually partitions the two copies of the genetic material into the two daughter cells. After M phase completes, cell division occurs and two cells are left, and the cell cycle can begin again.
List the 4 conceptual stages of Carcinogenesis.
What step begins malignancy?
Carcinogenesis can be divided conceptually into four steps:
- tumor initiation - irreversible change (variant) passed to daughter cells (ie UV, tobacco)
- tumor promotion - accelerated cancer formation (ie obesity, high estrogen levels)
- tumor progression - malignant conversion occurs
- Metastasis
Name 5 Key tumor characteristics
- Uncontrolled cell division,
- loss of contact inhibition
- Apoptosis avoidance
- Angiogenesis
- Ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize
Name 6 causes of Carcinogenesis?
- Chronic inflammation
- Virus exposure
- Bacterial exposure (Helicobacter pylori)
- High-fat diet and obesity
- Additives (food dyes, artificial flavors/preservatives)
- Pharmaceutical exposure (ie chemotherapy)
Name 8 differences between cancer cells and normal cells
- Grow in absence of signaling
- Ignore signaling to stop dividing or apoptosis
- Invade nearby areas and spread
- Attract angiogenesis
- Hide from immune system
- Trick immune system to aid survival
- Accumulate multiple genetic changes
- Utilize different kinds of nutrients
True or False:
Most cancer deaths are caused by Metastasis
True
What are the 6 primary types of cancer histological categories?
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Myeloma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Mixed Types
What is a Carcinoma?
Carcinomas account for what % of all cancer cases?
Carcinoma refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body.
Carcinomas, malignancies of epithelial tissue, account for 80 to 90 percent of all cancer cases.
What Percentage of all cancer cases do Carcinomas (epithelial origin) account for?
Carcinomas, malignancies of epithelial tissue, account for 80 to 90 percent of all cancer cases.
What are the two major subtypes of adenocarcinoma?
Carcinomas are divided into two major subtypes:
Adenocarcinoma, which develops in an organ or gland. Generally occur in mucus membranes and are first seen as a thickened plaque-like white mucosa. They often spread easily through the soft tissue.
Squamous cell carcinoma, which originates in the squamous epithelium. Occur in many areas of the body.
True or False:
Most carcinomas affect organs or glands capable of secretion, such as the breasts, which produce milk, or the lungs, which secrete mucus, or colon or prostate or bladder.
True
What is a sarcoma?
What do s the most common sarcoma, where does it develop?
Sarcoma refers to cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat.
Generally occurring in young adults, the most common sarcoma often develops as a painful mass on the bone. Sarcoma tumors usually resemble the tissue in which they grow.
Name some examples of Sarcomas (11 listed)
Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma (bone)
Chondrosarcoma (cartilage)
Leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)
Rhabdomyosarcoma (skeletal muscle)
Mesothelial sarcoma or mesothelioma (membranous lining of body cavities)
Fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue)
Angiosarcoma or hemangioendothelioma (blood vessels)
Liposarcoma (adipose tissue)
Glioma or astrocytoma (neurogenic connective tissue found in the brain)
Myxosarcoma (primitive embryonic connective tissue)
Mesenchymous or mixed mesodermal tumor (mixed connective tissue types)
What tissue does Osteosarcoma (or osteogenic sarcoma) originate from?
Bone
