Cancer Cell death Flashcards
What are proto-oncogenes?
Regulate division of cells
What type of mutations form oncogenes?
Gain-of-function mutations -> overactive forms
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Genes for which loss-of-function mutations allow the cell to peoliferate unrestricted and become tumoral
What type of mutations are tumor suppressor mutations?
Recessive - need mutation of whole gene
What are the most common mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
Point mutations, translocation & fusion of genes, overexpression and dna promoter silencing
What 3 things are oncogenes & TS involved in?
Cell cycle
cell death regulation
signal transduction networks
What are 6 hallmarks of cancer?
Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
activating invasion & metastasis
Enabling replicative immorality
inducing angiogenesis
resisting cell death
What are 2 common mutations in cancer signalling pathways?
RAS
Akt
In 2011 what were 4 new hallmarks of cancer?
Avoiding immune destruction
deregulating cellular energetics
genome instability and mutation
tumor-promoting inflammation
What are 4 new hallmarks from 2022?
Unlocking phenotypic plasticity
no mutational epigenetic reprogramming
senescent cells
polymorphic microbiomes
What 4 genes are loss in colorectal cancer?
loss of tumor suppressor gene APC (polyp)
Activation of KRAS oncogene (early adenoma)
Loss of tumor suppressor gene DCC (late adenoma)
Loss of tumor suppressor gene p53 (carcinoma)
What happens when colorectal cancer develops?
Organ loses its normal organization & cell-cell communication plays an important role
What are the 2 major pro-proliferative signalling in CRC?
EGFR-RAS
WNT-Beta-catenin
What does the loss of APC allow?
Accumulation of beta-catenin
What is p53 degraded by?
MDM2
