Cancer (Bowel Focus)

Question 1

What is neoplasia?

Answer 1

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should do or do not die when they should
Can be benign or malignant

Question 2

Benign neoplasia

Answer 2

Don’t invade, resemble normal tissue, exophytic growth, near normal nucleus, slow growth rate, rarely cause necrosis, often encapsulated in tissue

Question 3

Malignant neoplasia

Answer 3

invade tissue, variable but poor resemblance to tissue, endophytic growth, enlarged nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, fast growth rate, necrosis is common, poorly defined border

Question 4

Basement membrane invasion

Answer 4

Benign tumors never invade, malignant tumors always invade basement membrane

Question 5

Differentiation to normal tissue

Answer 5

Benign: well-differentiated and closely resemble tissue
Malignant: poorly differentiated and does not resemble tissue, causes destruction of adjacent tissue

Question 6

Normal bowel tissue

Answer 6

Can see ducts, connective tissue, epithelia

Question 7

Malignant tumor bowel tissue

Answer 7

low grade malignant: can still see some ducts and epithelia

high grade malignant: everything is completely destroyed and doesn’t resemble old normal tissue

Question 8

Benign growth

Answer 8

Grow outwards, exophytic growth

Makes them unable to invade and spread through surrounding tissue

Question 9

Malignant growth

Answer 9

endophytic growth, grow inwards
Invade and spread through surrounding tissue
Get into vascular tissue (vascular permeation)

Question 10

Benign nucleus morphology

Answer 10

normal nucleus size

Question 11

Malignant nucleus morphology

Answer 11

nucleus increases in size and causes increased nuclear:cytoplasm ratio
More DNA replication means larger nucleus and more aggressive tumor

Question 12

Benign growth rate

Answer 12

Grow slowly

Question 13

Malignant growth rate

Answer 13

Grow quickly

Question 14

Benign necrosis

Answer 14

Does not cause cell death, low necrosis level

Question 15

Malignant necrosis

Answer 15

Causes cell death, higher levels of necrosis

Question 16

Benign border

Answer 16

Well defined, circumscribed border

cannot invade surrounding tissue, so they grow into a space and are confined by that space

Question 17

Malignant border

Answer 17

poorly-defined, irregular border

invade through surrounding tissue and so are not confined by a space

Question 18

Tumor classifications

Answer 18

Tumours can be classified based on the tissue type that they originate from (histogenic classification)

Question 19

Papilloma

Answer 19

A benign tumour arising in epithelial tissue that grows exophytically (outwards)

Question 20

Adenoma

Answer 20

A benign tumour arising in glandular tissue e.g. stomach mucosa, small intestine, colon

Question 21

Carcinoma

Answer 21

A malignant tumour arising in epithelial tissue

Question 22

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 22

A malignant tumour arising in glandular tissue

Question 23

Sarcoma

Answer 23

A tumour arising in connective or other non-epithelial tissue e.g. blood vessels, nerves, cartilage

Question 24

Prostate cancer

Answer 24

Most common in men

Question 25

Breast cancer

Answer 25

Most common in women

Question 26

Anatomical classification

Answer 26

tumors can be classified by location as well as histogenic

Question 27

Burkitt's lymphoma definition

Answer 27

cancer of B cells and affects the lymphatic system

Question 28

Burkitt's lymphoma cause

Answer 28

associated with the EBV virus and with malaria

Question 29

Burkitt's lymphoma epidemiology

Answer 29

Endemic in central africa

Question 30

Burkitt's lymphoma symptoms

Answer 30

causes rapid and severe swelling of the lymph nodes in the face and neck.

Question 31

Ewing sarcoma

Answer 31

ulcerating cancer of the bone, which usually affects teenagers and young adults.

Question 32

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Answer 32

characterised by the presence of a certain type of cell called Reed-Sternberg cells. These are large cells which contain more than one nucleus.

Question 33

Blastoma

Answer 33

tumours of blast cells (a type of stem cell)

Question 34

Stem cells

Answer 34

More active in younger children | Ability to differentiate into other types of cells

Question 35

Types of blastomas

Answer 35

Retinoblastoma, Nephroblastoma, Neuroblastoma

Question 36

Retinoblastoma

Answer 36

Affects the eye

Question 37

Nephroblastoma

Answer 37

Affects the kidney

Question 38

Neuroblastoma

Answer 38

Affects the brain

Question 39

Harmatoma

Answer 39

affect connective tissue, and cause cells in the connective tissue to grow larger as the patient grows Not true neoplasm, since they don't create new tissue; cells just grow larger Don't cause symptoms but are detected on scans and look like any other tumor

Question 40

Endocrine tumor

Answer 40

Originate from hormone producing tissue | Tumors generally cause excessive production of hormones

Question 41

Insulomas

Answer 41

Tumor in pancreatic cells that produce insulin | Causes excess production of insulin

Question 42

Cyst

Answer 42

A cyst is a fluid filled space that is lined by epithelium

Question 43

Cyst causes

Answer 43

parasites, trauma. | Some malignant tumours

Question 44

Teratoma

Answer 44

a tumour of an egg or sperm cell. Egg and sperm cells have the ability to differentiate and grow into any part of the body causes this differentiation and growth to go out of control and therefore results in a tumour which grows body parts

Question 45

Detachment of tumor cells

Answer 45

Lose expression of cadherin molecules and become easily able to separate from other cells

Question 46

Movement of tumor cells through tissue

Answer 46

tumor cells have mutations which mean they secrete proteolytic enzymes (metalloproteinases) which break down the surrounding connective tissue so they are able to move through it. Depends on level of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors: Cartilage and intervertebral discs: high levels so harder for tumor travel Blood vessels and nerves: low levels so easier for tumor travel

Question 47

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Answer 47

normally, epithelial cells tend to not want to move very much. Whereas mesenchymal cells (the cells that make up connective tissue) tend to naturally want to move around a bit more malignant epithelial cells have a mutation which means that they start expressing proteins that are usually produced by mesenchymal cells