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Anaemia and Bowel Cancer > Cancer (Bowel Focus) > Flashcards

Cancer (Bowel Focus) Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should do or do not die when they should
Can be benign or malignant

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2
Q

Benign neoplasia

A

Don’t invade, resemble normal tissue, exophytic growth, near normal nucleus, slow growth rate, rarely cause necrosis, often encapsulated in tissue

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3
Q

Malignant neoplasia

A

invade tissue, variable but poor resemblance to tissue, endophytic growth, enlarged nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, fast growth rate, necrosis is common, poorly defined border

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4
Q

Basement membrane invasion

A

Benign tumors never invade, malignant tumors always invade basement membrane

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5
Q

Differentiation to normal tissue

A

Benign: well-differentiated and closely resemble tissue
Malignant: poorly differentiated and does not resemble tissue, causes destruction of adjacent tissue

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6
Q

Normal bowel tissue

A

Can see ducts, connective tissue, epithelia

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7
Q

Malignant tumor bowel tissue

A

low grade malignant: can still see some ducts and epithelia

high grade malignant: everything is completely destroyed and doesn’t resemble old normal tissue

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8
Q

Benign growth

A

Grow outwards, exophytic growth

Makes them unable to invade and spread through surrounding tissue

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9
Q

Malignant growth

A

endophytic growth, grow inwards
Invade and spread through surrounding tissue
Get into vascular tissue (vascular permeation)

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10
Q

Benign nucleus morphology

A

normal nucleus size

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11
Q

Malignant nucleus morphology

A

nucleus increases in size and causes increased nuclear:cytoplasm ratio
More DNA replication means larger nucleus and more aggressive tumor

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12
Q

Benign growth rate

A

Grow slowly

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13
Q

Malignant growth rate

A

Grow quickly

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14
Q

Benign necrosis

A

Does not cause cell death, low necrosis level

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15
Q

Malignant necrosis

A

Causes cell death, higher levels of necrosis

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16
Q

Benign border

A

Well defined, circumscribed border

cannot invade surrounding tissue, so they grow into a space and are confined by that space

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17
Q

Malignant border

A

poorly-defined, irregular border

invade through surrounding tissue and so are not confined by a space

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18
Q

Tumor classifications

A

Tumours can be classified based on the tissue type that they originate from (histogenic classification)

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19
Q

Papilloma

A

A benign tumour arising in epithelial tissue that grows exophytically (outwards)

20
Q

Adenoma

A

A benign tumour arising in glandular tissue e.g. stomach mucosa, small intestine, colon

21
Q

Carcinoma

A

A malignant tumour arising in epithelial tissue

22
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

A malignant tumour arising in glandular tissue

23
Q

Sarcoma

A

A tumour arising in connective or other non-epithelial tissue e.g. blood vessels, nerves, cartilage

24
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Most common in men

25
Q

Breast cancer

A

Most common in women

26
Q

Anatomical classification

A

tumors can be classified by location as well as histogenic

27
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma definition

A

cancer of B cells and affects the lymphatic system

28
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma cause

A

associated with the EBV virus and with malaria

29
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma epidemiology

A

Endemic in central africa

30
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma symptoms

A

causes rapid and severe swelling of the lymph nodes in the face and neck.

31
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

ulcerating cancer of the bone, which usually affects teenagers and young adults.

32
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

characterised by the presence of a certain type of cell called Reed-Sternberg cells. These are large cells which contain more than one nucleus.

33
Q

Blastoma

A

tumours of blast cells (a type of stem cell)

34
Q

Stem cells

A

More active in younger children

Ability to differentiate into other types of cells

35
Q

Types of blastomas

A

Retinoblastoma, Nephroblastoma, Neuroblastoma

36
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Affects the eye

37
Q

Nephroblastoma

A

Affects the kidney

38
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Affects the brain

39
Q

Harmatoma

A

affect connective tissue, and cause cells in the connective tissue to grow larger as the patient grows
Not true neoplasm, since they don’t create new tissue; cells just grow larger
Don’t cause symptoms but are detected on scans and look like any other tumor

40
Q

Endocrine tumor

A

Originate from hormone producing tissue

Tumors generally cause excessive production of hormones

41
Q

Insulomas

A

Tumor in pancreatic cells that produce insulin

Causes excess production of insulin

42
Q

Cyst

A

A cyst is a fluid filled space that is lined by epithelium

43
Q

Cyst causes

A

parasites, trauma.

Some malignant tumours

44
Q

Teratoma

A

a tumour of an egg or sperm cell.
Egg and sperm cells have the ability to differentiate and grow into any part of the body
causes this differentiation and growth to go out of control and therefore results in a tumour which grows body parts

45
Q

Detachment of tumor cells

A

Lose expression of cadherin molecules and become easily able to separate from other cells

46
Q

Movement of tumor cells through tissue

A

tumor cells have mutations which mean they secrete proteolytic enzymes (metalloproteinases) which break down the surrounding connective tissue so they are able to move through it.
Depends on level of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors:
Cartilage and intervertebral discs: high levels so harder for tumor travel
Blood vessels and nerves: low levels so easier for tumor travel

47
Q

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

A

normally, epithelial cells tend to not want to move very much. Whereas mesenchymal cells (the cells that make up connective tissue) tend to naturally want to move around a bit more
malignant epithelial cells have a mutation which means that they start expressing proteins that are usually produced by mesenchymal cells

Anaemia and Bowel Cancer (2 decks)

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