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CanRehab > Cancer Biology & Incidence > Flashcards

Cancer Biology & Incidence Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things can cause a genetic mutation in a cell?

A
  1. Inherited
  2. Spontaneous during dna replication
  3. Caused by external agents (ie tobacco)
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2
Q

What two types of genes can cause increased cell proliferation?

A

Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes

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3
Q

What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. Sustaining proliferation signalling
  2. Evading growth suppressors
  3. Resisting cell death
  4. Enabling replicative immortality
  5. Inducing angiogenesis
  6. Activating tissue invasion and metastasis
  7. Deregulating cellular energetics
  8. Avoiding immune destruction
  9. Genome instability and mutation
  10. Tumour promoting inflammation
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4
Q

How does a benign tumour differ from a malignant one?

A

Does not grow in an unlimited manner
Does not invade surrounding tissues
Does not spread to distant tissues

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5
Q

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?

A

85%

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6
Q

What percentage of cancers are non solid tumours?

A

9%

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7
Q

What percentage of cancers are sarcomas?

A

1%

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8
Q

What percentage of cancers are brain and CNS?

A

3%

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9
Q

Describe the 3 stages of cancer

A

Stage 0 - abnormal cells present but no spread - not yet cancer
Stage 1-3 cancer is present and has spread to nearby tissues
Stage 4 - Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

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10
Q

By what systems does cancer spread to distant parts of the body?

A

Blood and lymph

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for developing cancer?

A

Age
Tobacco
Alcohol
Diet
Inactivity
Infection
Solar exposure
Genetics

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12
Q

How many cancer cases could be prevented according to CRUK?

A

4/10

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13
Q

How many people born after 1960 in the UK will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime?

A

1/2

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14
Q

What are the 4 most common cancers in the UK?

A

Breast, prostate, lung, bowel

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15
Q

What percentage of new cancer cases were breast cancer in 2015?

A

15%

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16
Q

What cancers have shown the fastest increases in incidence over the last decade?

A

Thyroid and liver

17
Q

What cancer has shown the fastest decrease in incidence over the last decade?

A

Stomach cancer

18
Q

How many people are diagnosed with cancer each day in the Uk?

A

1000

19
Q

What are the top 4 cancers diagnosed in Women?

A

Breast
Lung
Bowel
Uterus

20
Q

What are the top 4 cancers diagnosed in men?

A

Prostate
Lung
Bowel
Head and neck

21
Q

What is the most prevalent cancer in men and in women?

A

Men - prostate
Women - breast

CanRehab (6 decks)

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