cancer biology

Question 1

Name the differences between a bening tumor and a malignant tumor

Answer 1

benign vs. malignant 
Slow Growth vs. Rapid Growth
Non-Invasive vs.
Invade Local Tissues
Well Differentiated
vs. Poorly Differentiated
No Metastasis vs. 
Can Metastasize

Question 2

Name 2 tumor marker

Answer 2

Prostate-Specific Antigen (Prostate Cancer)

ACTH (Pituitary Adenomas)

Question 3

what’s the difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressor?
(related to causing cancer)

Answer 3

oncogenes : Only one copy must be Activated or Overexpressed to promote Cancer
tumor suppressor : Both copies must be Deactivated or Silenced to cause Cancer

Question 4

What are the main hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 4

• deregulating cellular energetics
• sustained proliferative signaling
• evading immune destruction
• evading growth suppressors
• enabling replicative immortality
• tumor promoting inflammation

Question 5

Name the key acquired features of metastasis

Answer 5

Aggressive Proliferation
Angiogenesis
↑ Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Expression

Question 6

metastasis targets :
breast or prostate
GI cancers
Lung cancer

Answer 6

Breast or Prostate → Bones
GI Cancers → Lungs
Lung Cancer → Brain & Others

Question 7

what is one function of polyphenols?

Answer 7

decrease DNA mutations

Question 8

what are the posible consequences of obesity? systemic interactions

Answer 8

Insulin Resistance (T2DM)
Low-Grade inflammation & Oxidative Stress
Adipokines Dysregulation (Leptin & Adiponectin)
↑ GH Signalling (IGF-1 + Estrogen & Testosterone)

Question 9

what are the carcinogene actions of iomic radiations?

Answer 9

Oncogene/TSG Alterations
Progeny & Bystander Effects 
Chromosomal Aberrations via:
- Direct DNA Strands Break
- Indirect Oxidative Stress