Cancer Biology Flashcards
Neoplasm
Growth of tumor is uncoordinated with surrounding cells
Bengin Neoplasm
localized and Encapsulation - fibrous CT around tumor
Malignant neoplasm
invades surrounding tissue.
Metastases
4 groups of cancer
Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Hematopoietic
Neuroectodermal
Basement Membrane
Separates epithelium from stroma
Stroma
Supportive tissue of CT and BLD vessels
Squamous cell Carcinomas
cells lining Cavities
Adenocarcinomas
cells that secrete substance into cavities
Sarcomas
form from mesenchymal cells
muscle, bone, CT
Hematopoietic
circulatory and immune system
Neuroectodermal
components of the nervous system
Anaplastic
unable to identfiy cell of origin
Hyperplasia
increase number of cellls
Hypertrophy
increase in size of cells
Metaplasia
replacement of one type of cell by anouther
Dysplasia
alteration of adult cells characterized by variation in size, shape, structure or orientation
Morphology
shape and structure of the cell
In situ
cancer in layer of cells where developed
Warburg effect
Cancer cells use gylcolysis only
Mutagens
Cause mutations
Carcinogens
Cause Cancer
Euchromatin
Normal, undergoes condensation and decondensation during cell cycle
Heterochromatin
Remains condened throughout cell cycle
Histone proteins
Small positively charged proteins. 5 types: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
Euploid
Normal number of chromosomes
Aneuploid
abnormal number of chromosomes
Chromosome Instability (CIN)
Changes in chromosome number and structure
Alternative splicing
produces different mRNA
Epigenetics
Alteration to DNA that do not include changes in the Base sequence affect the way in which the DNA sequences are expressed
Nomenclature
nonhuman genes are LC and itlaisizyed
Nonhuman proteins Capitalize frist letter no italics
Human genes are cap and ital
Human proteins are cap no Ital
Gene Amplification
Expansion in copy number of gene within the genome of a cell
Gene Mutation
Somatic mutations in normal growth controlling genes convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes
Chromosomal Rearrangements
usually Translocation/inversion
Capsid
protein coat on virus
Vitulent
Kills host
Temperate
host survives
Transformation
conversion of normal cell into tumor cell
In vitro
outside living organism
Foci/focus
cluster of cells
Contact inhibition
cells stop proliferating once they form a monolayer
Anchorage independence
Ability to grow without attchment to solid substrate
Immortalization
Ability to proliferate indefinitely
Properties of Transformed cells
altered morphology Loss of Contact inhibition anchorage independence immortalization reduce req for growth factors high saturation dnesity inability to halt proliferation
oncogene
gene capable of transforming a normal cell into tumor
proto-oncogene
normal, essential genes, precursor to an active oncogene
gatekeepers
allow/disallow cell progression through cell cycle
caretakers
maintain genome integrity by controlling rate mutation accumulation
sporadic
no family history
familial
parent with retinoblastoma
Knudson’s 2 hit Hypothesis
first hit usually point mutation. Second hit is deletion = cancer
Loss of heterozygosity
eleminate WT copy of Tumor Supressors(TS) by Mitotic Recomb Gene conversion Hemizygostity Nondisjunction used to find TS
RFLP analysis
restriction fragment length polymorphism
Promoter methylation
inactivation of TS genes
add a cytosine base
heritable
