Cancer Biology Flashcards
HCOM
What is Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy
Increased size of cells
Dysplasia
disorderly proliferation
Neoplasia
abnormal new growth
Anaplasia
Lack of differentiation
Tumor
Any sweeping at first, now equated with neoplasia or abnormal growth
Metastasis
Growth at a distant site
How are Cancers Classified
Benign Tumor
Malignant Cancer
Leukemia and Lymphoma
What are Benign tumors? (omas)
Adenoma- Ademona=gland like
Fibroma=fibrous or connective tissue
Lipoma- Fat=lip
2 types of malignant cancers
carcinoma or sarcoma
What is carcinoma
A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue:
Adenocarcinoma is an example of
malignant cancer-pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma is an example of
Malignant Cancer-of connective tissue or other non-epithelial origin
Examples of sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma-fleshy=sar
Liposarcoma=lip means fat
Leukemia and Lymphoma are examples of
Cancers
Leukema
Originates in tissues that form blood cells
Lymphoma
originates in lymphatic tissue
Myeloma
Originates in bone marrow
Sarcoma and give 3 examples
Originates ins connective or supportive tissue (Bone, cartilage, muscle)
Neoplasms can be
Benign or Malignant
Bening Neoplasms are non invasive what are the 4 characteristics
- well defined borders
- well differentiated
- regular nuclei
- slow growth
Malignant neoplasms are invasive/metastatic. What are the 4 characteristics
- irregular borders
- poorly differentiated
- irregular, larger nuclei
- fast growth
Carcinomas originate from
epithelium
Sarcomas originate from
mesenchymal origin
What are examples of mesenchymal origins for sarcomas?
fibroblasts blood vessels blood cells adipocytes bone cartilage
Uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue know as tumors is
Cancer
Is cancer a genetic disease?
Yes
Majority of mutations that lead to cancer are
somatic
T/F some cancers can be inherited
True
What mutation in what cell leads to inheriting breast cancer
BRCA1, BRCA 2 mutations can lead to breast cancer via germ line mutations.
What Origins are cancer causing
chemical biological (viruses) environmental hormonal genetic mutations
What mutations lead to cancer
Viruses
Bacteria
Chemicals
UV and Ionizing radiation
HPV causes
H Pylori causes
Chemicals cause
UV/Ionizing radiation cause
cervical cancer
gastric cancer
lung cancer
Skin cancer
What are mutagens
a chemical substance that causes genetic mutation
What is a DNA adduct?
DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a carcinogen (Cancer-causing chemical)
What chemicals form DNA adducts?
Acetylaldehyde-tobacco
Cisplatin-binds DNA causing crosslinks
DMB-7,12 dimethylbnezyne antracene
Malondialdenyde-lipid peroxidation
DNA damage can be divided into two sub groups what are they?
Endogenous and Exogenous
What are two ways that cause Endogenous DNA damage
Attacks by ROS from metabolic byproducts like Oxidative deamination
Replication errors
What are two Exogenous ways to cause DNA damage
External agents such as: -UV rays (200-400nm) -radiation from sun, xray man made chemicals 2. Also replication of damaged DNA before cell division-->wrong bases incorporated-->daughter cells--> original DNA unrecoverable
How does UV and Ionizing radiation cause DNA damage?
3 examples
Single and Double strand DNA breaks
- UV-B light
- UV-A light
- Ionizing Radiation
UV-B light causes what and creates what kind of dimers?
Crosslinking between Cytosine and Thymine bases resulting in pyrimidine dimers.
Pyrimidine dimers is an example of what kind of DNA damage?
Direct
What does UV-A light do? What kind of DNA damage does it cause?
Creates free radicals. Damage is caused by Indirect DNA damage
Ionizing radiation does what?
Causes breaks in DNA strands–>transcriptional errors–>neoplasia–>pre-mature aging and cancer
What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer
self-sufficient growth signals resistance to anti growth signals immortality resistance to cell death sustained angiogenesis invasion and metasis
What are viral insertional mutations?
Random viral insertions in the genome
Name 3 oncogenes
Ras, Myc, Notch
How are What is the normal function of RAS MYC NOTCH
cell growth gene transcripiton
What is the GUARDIAN OF CELL CYCLE and is often inactivated in cancer
p53
Normally p53 functions to
DNA repair, cell cycle control and cell death
Proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes in normal cells
more than 100 on different chromosomes
Proto oncogenes can be activated by
promoter insertion enhancer insertion gene amplification point mutation chromosomal translocations burkitts lymphoma
What does chromosomal translocation on Philadelphia chromosome cause?
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Burkitts lymphoma is caused by
an issue with chromosome 8 (c-myc) and 14 (IgG)
What Cancer does EBC cause
Nasopharyngeal
What cancer does HPV cause
Uterine cervical
what cancer does hepatitis B Virus cause
liver
What are the 4 tumor suppressors
p53
Rb
Brca1/2
WT
What tumor suppressor is linked to the cancer? Breast/colon cancer Retinoblastoma in children Breast Cancer Wilms Tumor
p53
Rb
Brca 1/2
Wt
p53 is the most frequently mutated gene…why is he crucial?
Prevents cancer formation
p53 gene encodes proteins that bind DNA and___ to prevent mutations of the genome
regulate gene expression
p53 senses
Halts
Initiates
Senses genomic damage
Halts the cell cycle
initiates DNA repair and eventual apoptosis if DNA is irreparable
Problems in p53 occur at the DNA binding domain in which
p53 can’t bind to target DNA sequences.
Sooooooo p53 can’t regulate transcriptional activation of DNA repair.
Notch Signaling Mutation
causes notches in fly wings as well as cancer-leukemia
Notch 1,3,4 is associated with
Warburg Effect
Notch 2 associated with
Cancer Cachexia–>apoptosis and cell death
What are the 4 notch receptors and their cell fates
Notch 1-Stem Cell Renewal
Notch 2-Proliferation–> cell death and apoptosis
Notch 3-Differentiation
Notch 4-Apoptosis
