Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer Biology > Cancer Biology > Flashcards

Cancer Biology Flashcards

HCOM

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Hyperplasia

A

Increased number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dysplasia

A

disorderly proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal new growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tumor

A

Any sweeping at first, now equated with neoplasia or abnormal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Metastasis

A

Growth at a distant site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are Cancers Classified

A

Benign Tumor
Malignant Cancer
Leukemia and Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Benign tumors? (omas)

A

Adenoma- Ademona=gland like
Fibroma=fibrous or connective tissue
Lipoma- Fat=lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 types of malignant cancers

A

carcinoma or sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is carcinoma

A

A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adenocarcinoma is an example of

A

malignant cancer-pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sarcoma is an example of

A

Malignant Cancer-of connective tissue or other non-epithelial origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of sarcoma

A

Fibrosarcoma-fleshy=sar

Liposarcoma=lip means fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Leukemia and Lymphoma are examples of

A

Cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Leukema

A

Originates in tissues that form blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lymphoma

A

originates in lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Myeloma

A

Originates in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sarcoma and give 3 examples

A

Originates ins connective or supportive tissue (Bone, cartilage, muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neoplasms can be

A

Benign or Malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bening Neoplasms are non invasive what are the 4 characteristics

A
  1. well defined borders
  2. well differentiated
  3. regular nuclei
  4. slow growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Malignant neoplasms are invasive/metastatic. What are the 4 characteristics

A
  1. irregular borders
  2. poorly differentiated
  3. irregular, larger nuclei
  4. fast growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Carcinomas originate from

A

epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sarcomas originate from

A

mesenchymal origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are examples of mesenchymal origins for sarcomas?

A 
fibroblasts
blood vessels
blood cells
adipocytes
bone
cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue know as tumors is

A

Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is cancer a genetic disease?

A

Yes

28
Q

Majority of mutations that lead to cancer are

A

somatic

29
Q

T/F some cancers can be inherited

A

True

30
Q

What mutation in what cell leads to inheriting breast cancer

A

BRCA1, BRCA 2 mutations can lead to breast cancer via germ line mutations.

31
Q

What Origins are cancer causing

A 
chemical
biological (viruses)
environmental
hormonal
genetic
mutations
32
Q

What mutations lead to cancer

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Chemicals
UV and Ionizing radiation

33
Q

HPV causes
H Pylori causes
Chemicals cause
UV/Ionizing radiation cause

A

cervical cancer
gastric cancer
lung cancer
Skin cancer

34
Q

What are mutagens

A

a chemical substance that causes genetic mutation

35
Q

What is a DNA adduct?

A

DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a carcinogen (Cancer-causing chemical)

36
Q

What chemicals form DNA adducts?

A

Acetylaldehyde-tobacco
Cisplatin-binds DNA causing crosslinks
DMB-7,12 dimethylbnezyne antracene
Malondialdenyde-lipid peroxidation

37
Q

DNA damage can be divided into two sub groups what are they?

A

Endogenous and Exogenous

38
Q

What are two ways that cause Endogenous DNA damage

A

Attacks by ROS from metabolic byproducts like Oxidative deamination
Replication errors

39
Q

What are two Exogenous ways to cause DNA damage

A 
External agents such as: 
-UV rays (200-400nm) 
-radiation from sun, xray
man made chemicals
2. Also replication of damaged DNA before cell division-->wrong bases incorporated-->daughter cells--> original DNA unrecoverable
40
Q

How does UV and Ionizing radiation cause DNA damage?

3 examples

A

Single and Double strand DNA breaks

  1. UV-B light
  2. UV-A light
  3. Ionizing Radiation
41
Q

UV-B light causes what and creates what kind of dimers?

A

Crosslinking between Cytosine and Thymine bases resulting in pyrimidine dimers.

42
Q

Pyrimidine dimers is an example of what kind of DNA damage?

A

Direct

43
Q

What does UV-A light do? What kind of DNA damage does it cause?

A

Creates free radicals. Damage is caused by Indirect DNA damage

44
Q

Ionizing radiation does what?

A

Causes breaks in DNA strands–>transcriptional errors–>neoplasia–>pre-mature aging and cancer

45
Q

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer

A 
self-sufficient growth signals
resistance to anti growth signals
immortality
resistance to cell death
sustained angiogenesis
invasion and metasis
46
Q

What are viral insertional mutations?

A

Random viral insertions in the genome

47
Q

Name 3 oncogenes

A

Ras, Myc, Notch

48
Q

How are What is the normal function of RAS MYC NOTCH

A

cell growth gene transcripiton

49
Q

What is the GUARDIAN OF CELL CYCLE and is often inactivated in cancer

A

p53

50
Q

Normally p53 functions to

A

DNA repair, cell cycle control and cell death

51
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Oncogenes in normal cells

more than 100 on different chromosomes

52
Q

Proto oncogenes can be activated by

A 
promoter insertion
enhancer insertion
gene amplification
point mutation
chromosomal translocations
burkitts lymphoma
53
Q

What does chromosomal translocation on Philadelphia chromosome cause?

A

Chronic myeloid leukemia

54
Q

Burkitts lymphoma is caused by

A

an issue with chromosome 8 (c-myc) and 14 (IgG)

55
Q

What Cancer does EBC cause

A

Nasopharyngeal

56
Q

What cancer does HPV cause

A

Uterine cervical

57
Q

what cancer does hepatitis B Virus cause

A

liver

58
Q

What are the 4 tumor suppressors

A

p53
Rb
Brca1/2
WT

59
Q 
What tumor suppressor is linked to the cancer?
Breast/colon cancer
Retinoblastoma in children
Breast Cancer
Wilms Tumor
A

p53
Rb
Brca 1/2
Wt

60
Q

p53 is the most frequently mutated gene…why is he crucial?

A

Prevents cancer formation

61
Q

p53 gene encodes proteins that bind DNA and___ to prevent mutations of the genome

A

regulate gene expression

62
Q

p53 senses
Halts
Initiates

A

Senses genomic damage
Halts the cell cycle
initiates DNA repair and eventual apoptosis if DNA is irreparable

63
Q

Problems in p53 occur at the DNA binding domain in which

A

p53 can’t bind to target DNA sequences.

Sooooooo p53 can’t regulate transcriptional activation of DNA repair.

64
Q

Notch Signaling Mutation

A

causes notches in fly wings as well as cancer-leukemia

65
Q

Notch 1,3,4 is associated with

A

Warburg Effect

66
Q

Notch 2 associated with

A

Cancer Cachexia–>apoptosis and cell death

67
Q

What are the 4 notch receptors and their cell fates

A

Notch 1-Stem Cell Renewal
Notch 2-Proliferation–> cell death and apoptosis
Notch 3-Differentiation
Notch 4-Apoptosis

Cancer Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions