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Cancer > Cancer Bio > Flashcards

Cancer Bio Flashcards

1
Q

P53 mutation is associated with ___

A

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (Germline mutation)

Increased risk of developing wide spectrum of cancers

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2
Q

What are the 4 MMR (Mismatch Repair Protein) genes?

A

MLH 1
PMS 2
MSH 2
MSH 6

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3
Q

What is the Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) syndrome?

A

Germline mutation of 1 of the 4 MMR genes

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4
Q

What is used to stage tumors?

A

TNM Criteria
Assess how extensively the primary lesion has grown and invaded surrounding tissues and other parts of the body

important to determine the extent of spread and determine the prognosis

T: Tumor at Primary Site
N: Regional Lymph Nodes
M: Distant Metastasis

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5
Q

What are the 3 gradings of tumor cells?

A

Refers to the degree of malignancy
Determined histologically

Well Differentiated/ Moderately Differentiated/ Poorly Differentiated

(i) The grade of a cancer is determined by how closely the cancerous tissue resembles the tissue of origin. It may be well differentiated, moderately differentiated or poorly differentiated, with poorly differentiated tissue least resembling the tissue of origin.
(ii) An adenocarcinoma that is poorly differentiated would have differentiated to be more different from the tissue of origin and would have lost its ability to carry out the initial function of the tissue. This may result in some degree of loss of function of the tissue that the cancer is a part of, for example in a gland, if significant amounts of glandular tissue has become poorly differentiated, the gland may be unable to produce normal amounts of secretions.

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6
Q

Which oncogene is commonly associated with breast cancer?

A

HER2

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7
Q

What are the top 3 most common cancers among Males?

A
  1. Colon
  2. Prostate
  3. Lung
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8
Q

What are the top 3 most common cancers among Females?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Colon
  3. Lung
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of the histology of Dysplasia?

A
  1. Hyperchromasia
  2. Pleomorphism (diff shapes & sizes of cancer cells)
  3. High mitotic index
  4. High nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
  5. Coarse/ clumped chromatin irregularly distributed
  6. Enlarged/ abnormally shaped/ multiple nucleoli
  7. Infiltrative growth
  8. Metastasis
  9. Anaplasia (don’t resemble normal tissue of origin)
  10. Necrosis & Hemorrhage
  11. Poorly formed/ leaky blood vessels
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10
Q

Benign vs Malignant (gross features)

A

Benign:
- Smooth surface with a fibrotic capsule, compressed surrounding tissue
- unlikely to show necrosis

Malignant:
- Irregular surface without encapsulation, destruction of surrounding tissues
- Can be associated with necrosis or haermorrhage

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11
Q

Benign vs Malignant (microscopic features)

A

Benign:
- highly differentiated, resembling tissue of origin
- few mitoses
- distant spread (metastasis does not occur)

Malignant:
- well or poorly differentiated, most malignant neoplasms do not resemble the normal tissue
- enlarged hyperchromatic
- irregular nuclei with large nuclei
- increased mitotic
- metastasis to distant site

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12
Q

Tumor suppressor genes are often ____ mutation

A

Inactivating
Genes that negatively regulate cell cycle

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13
Q

Proto-oncogenes are often ____ mutation

A

Activating
They become oncogenes

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14
Q

What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. Growth signal autonomy
  2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  3. Evasion of Apoptosis
  4. Unlimited replicative potential
  5. Angiogenesis
  6. Invasion & Metastasis
  7. Avoiding immune destruction
  8. Reprogramming energy metabolism
  9. Genetic Instability
  10. Tumour-promoting inflammation
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15
Q

What cancer is associated with MYC mutation?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

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16
Q

Retinoblastoma (RB) is like the ____ of proliferation

A

governor

Rb actively inhibits cell passage through the restriction point in the G1 / s cell cycle phase.

17
Q

Many human cancers demonstrate loss of function mutations in ____

A

TP53

18
Q

What causes genetic Instability?

A

Mutations in genes coding for mismatch repair proteins (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2)

19
Q

Epigenetic hypermethylation can lead to ______ of MMR genes

A

silencing

20
Q

A mutation to the BCL2 gene may lead to ____ apoptosis

A

Resisting
Mutation causing a upregulation of BCL2 (Anti-apoptic gene)

21
Q

Briefly explain Unlimited Replicative Potential

A

Telomerase lengthens telomeres → Replicative immortality

22
Q

Briefly explain Inducing Angiogenesis

A

Many oncogenes upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression.

Treat with anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody: Bevacizumab

23
Q

Briefly explain Tumour Promoting Inflammation

A

growth factors + angiogenesis from inflammation promotes
tumour growth

24
Q

Briefly explain Avoiding Immune Destruction

A
  • Failure to produce tumour antigen (Loss of antigen/ Loss or reduced expression of MHCs)
  • Production of immunosuppressive proteins eg TGF/ Expression of inhibitory cell surface proteins eg PD L1 (death receptor pathway)
25
Q

Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition is mostly for ______

A

carcinoma

26
Q

List 3 types of metastasis

A
  • Hematogenous spread (through the blood)
  • Lymphatic spread (through the lymph system)
  • Spread through body cavities
27
Q

Briefly explain Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition

A
  1. Loss of contact inhibition (loss of E cadherin function) → Tumour cells gain mobility without undergoing apoptosis
  2. Basement membrane breached
  3. Tumour cells traverse the interstitial connective tissue by secreting proteolytic enzymes eg matrix metalloproteinases.
  4. Gain access to the circulation by penetrating the vascular basement membrane
  5. Transit through the vasculature
  6. Extravasate from the vessels
  7. Form micrometastases
  8. Growth of micrometastases into macroscopic tumours
28
Q

(Metastasis) Hematogenous spread are mainly spread through ____ and more commonly seen in _____

A

Veins, carcinoma

29
Q

(Metastasis) Lymphatic Spread are more commonly seen in _____

A

Sarcomas

30
Q

(Metastasis) Spread through body cavities are commonly seen in ____ and ___ cancers.

A

Ovarian and GI Tract cancers

31
Q

In Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) there is ____ risk of ____ cancer without intervention

A

100%, colon

FAP is an autosomal dominant inherited disease

32
Q

What cell product indicates cancer of glandular origin?

A

Mucin

33
Q

What cell product indicates cancer of squamous cell origin?

A

Keratin

Cancer (2 decks)

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