Cancer and Chemotherapy

Question 1

Define Cancer

Answer 1

Genetic Disease
Mutations and genetic alterations in specific regulatory genes which cause normal cell to become cancerous
- Accumulation of multiple genetic aberrations, not a single lesion

Question 2

Cancer arises from what which can result from

Answer 2

Loss of normal growth control

- Caused by uncotrolled cell growth or loss of a cell’s ability to undergo apoptosis

Question 3

Cancer Cell Characteristics

Answer 3

Excessive autonomous uncontrolled cell growth (doesn’t need commands on when to proliferate)
Local invasion of surrounding tissues
Genetic instability (some damage leads to lots)
Defective differentiation
Distant metastasis

Question 4

Cell grows when they shouldn’t →

Answer 4

forming a tumor

Question 5

Cell grow where they shouldn’t →

Answer 5

Causing invasion and metastasis

Question 6

ABL mutated in

Answer 6

Leukemias

Question 7

APC mutated in

Answer 7

Colon cancer

Question 8

Cancer cell genes coding for:

Answer 8

o Cell cycle control and differentiation, are repressed, inactivated or work imperfectly (tumor-suppressor genes)
o Proliferation are left on and their activity increase (proto-oncogenes)

Question 9

Define Benign Cancers

Answer 9

	End in –OMA
	Genomic stability is intact
	Non cancerous growth
	Do not metastasize
	Do not recur after surgery

Question 10

Define Malignant Cancers

Answer 10

	End in CARCINOMA
	Genome highly unstable
	Highly invasive
	Metastasis
	Recurrence is frequent

Question 11

Caricinomas prevalence and cancer of:

Answer 11

90% of all human cancers

Skin, lining of internal organs

Question 12

Sarcomas Cancer of

Answer 12

Connective tissues

Question 13

Leukemia & lymphomas prevalence and cancer of:

Answer 13

8% of all human cancers and cancer of blood-forming cells and cells of immune systems

Question 14

Define Tumor Heterogeneity

Answer 14

Cancer cells in a given tumor are genetically heterogenous

Question 15

Tumor Growth Fraction High vs Low

Answer 15

o A tissue with a large percentage of proliferating cells and a few cells in G0 has a HIGH GROWTH FRACTION (high proliferating = bad cancer)
o A tissue composed of mostly cells in G0 has a low growth fraction

Question 16

Chemo works better in what growth fraction?

Answer 16

o Chemotherapy is more toxic to tissues with HIGH growth fraction, whether they are normal or tumor

Question 17

Define Metastasis

Answer 17

 Spread of cells from a site of origin to distant sites (organs)

Question 18

Naming of metastasis cancers

Answer 18

o Metastatic cancers have the same name as the ORIGINAL CANCER
 Breast cancer that has spread to the lung is metastatic breast cancer NOT lung cancer

Question 19

Stage 0 Tumor

Answer 19

Carcinoma in situ

Question 20

Stage 1,2,3 Tumor

Answer 20

Greater tumor sze

Question 21

Stage 4 Tumor

Answer 21

T4

Spread to another organ

Question 22

HPV leads to

Answer 22

cervical and genital cancer

Question 23

EBV leads to

Answer 23

Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Question 24

Hep B/C leads to

Answer 24

hepatoma

Question 25

HIV leads to

Answer 25

Kaposi sarcoma

Question 26

Which cancers can be cured?

Answer 26

o	Acute leukemia
o	NHL
o	HL (Hodgkin’s lymphoma(
o	Wilm’s tumor Eqing’s sarcoma
o	Retinoblastoma
o	Rhabdomyosarcoma
o	Testicular carcinoma
o	Choriocarcinoma

Question 27

Phases of Cell Cycle

Answer 27

 G1: cells are getting ready to replicate
 S: DNA is replicated
 G2: cells are getting ready to split
 M: cells split