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Pathophysiology (L3) > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term: Benign

A

Non-cancerous tumor growth which is composed of well-differentiated cells which resemble cells of the tissues of origin

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2
Q

Define the term: Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer from its original location to other parts of the body

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3
Q

Define the term: Staging and what do the four stages represent

A

Form of classification for malignant tumors. refers to how far cancer has spread anatomically.
I: Small localized
II-III: Locally advanced and/or with involvement of local lymph nodes
IV: Inoperable or metastatic

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4
Q

Define the term: Malignant

A

Composed of less well-differentiated cells which have lost the ability to control cell proliferation and differentiation
Cancerous tumor growth

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5
Q

Define the term: Angiogenesis and why is it so important for cancer

A

Process of forming new blood vessels
Critical because when tumors get large enough it needs an increased supply of nutrients thus it sends signals that result in growth of blood vessels towards and into tumor.
No angiogenesis = No tumor growth

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for Cancer?

A

Age: Increase chance of mutation the older you get because more time for mutations to accumulate
Environment: Carcinogens
Lifestyle: Certain lifestyle factors increase chance that a person will dev cancer (Alcohol, Tobacco, obesity, physical inactivity, poor nutrition)

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7
Q

What are the three steps in carcinogenesis? Explain them

A

Initiation: Involves exposure of cells to carcinogenic agent to make them susceptible to malignant transformation
Promotion: Involves unregulated and accelerated growth of mutated cells
Progression: Tumor cells acquire malignant changes and autonomous growth tendencies

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8
Q

Which two genes are identified to possibly go wrong and become cancerous

A

Proto-oncogenes

Tumor Suppressor Genes

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9
Q

What happens when proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes undergo mutation?

A

Proto-Oncogenes become oncogenes which stimulate excessive division
Tumor suppressor genes inactivates itself which eliminates a critical inhibition of cell division

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10
Q

What is the role of tumor suppressor cell p53?

A

Stimulate cells with damaged DNA to commit cell suicide

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11
Q

What are the two ways metastasis can occur?

A

Malignant cells directly invade or extend into adjacent organs and sites
Individual cancer cells move away from primary tumor and enter blood or lymph circulation

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12
Q

What are the most common sites of cancer metastasis?

A

Lungs
Bones
Liver

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13
Q

Why are benign tumors considered less of a threat to health than malignant?

A

Benign prod pressure on tissues, blood vessels and nerves, can cause disturbances in func of structures due to pressure however they do not cause death unless interfering with vital functions

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14
Q

What is the naming/nomenclature rules for benign tumors?

A

Adding suffix -oma to the tissue type from which the growth originated

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15
Q

What is the naming/nomenclature rules for benign tumors?

A

Adding suffix -oma to the tissue type from which the growth originated

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16
Q

In terms of growth what is the difference between malignant and benign tumor?

A

Malignant: Grow rapidly and in a disorganized and uncontrolled manner to invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels
Benign: Slow progressive growth that may come to standstill or regress

17
Q

What is the naming/nomenclature rules for malignant tumors?

A

Adding suffix -carcinoma or -sarcoma to the tissue type from which the growth originated

18
Q

Explain the T in the TNM Staging system

A

T: Tumor (Size of primary) ranges from 0-4 with 0 being tumor that has not started to invade local tissues and 4 being large primary tumor that has prob invaded other organs

19
Q

Explain the N in the TNM Staging system

A

N: Node involvement
Only consider lymph nodes draining area of primary tumor
0: No lymph node involvement
4: Extensive involvement

20
Q

Explain the M in the TNM Staging system

A

Metastatic disease (How far the cancer has spread)

0: No metastases
1: Metastases

21
Q

What are the four possible reasons someone with cancer gets surgery?

A

Diagnose cancer
Determine stage of cancer
Remove the tumor and surrounding tissues
Palliate and help relieve symptoms

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the chemotherapy drug Alkylating agents?

A

Prevents nucleic acid duplication preventing mitosis in G2-M phase

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the chemotherapy drug antimetbolites?

A

Blocks enzymes used in DNA synthesis or S phase

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the chemotherapy drug antitumour antibiotics?

A

Disrupt DNA transcription and DNA/RNA synthesis

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the chemotherapy drug hormone and hormone antagonists?

A

Prevent cell division and growth of hormone dependent tumors

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the chemotherapy drug vinca plant alkaloids?

A

Bind to proteins during metaphase causing mitotic arrest

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the chemotherapy drug misc anticancer drugs?

A

Inhib protein synthesis, blocks DNA rep or triggers cell death

28
Q

What is the role of Hormonal therapy in treating cancer?

A

Drugs designed to disrupt hormonal environ of cancer cells. Works by lowering amt of estrogen AND blocking action of estrogen on breast cancer cells

29
Q

What is the role of biotherapy in treating cancer?

A

Uses body’s own immune system to fight cancer and reduce treatment-related side effect

30
Q

What is the role of targeted therapy in treating cancer?

A

Drugs that selectively attack malignant cells while leaving normal cells unharmed

31
Q

What is the role of BMT and PBSCT in treating cancer?

A

Bone marrow transplant and Peripheral blood stem cell transplant
Restores stem cells destroyed by high doses of chemo or radiation

Pathophysiology (L3) (8 decks)

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