Cancer

Question 1

define tumour

Answer 1

mass forming lesion

Question 2

define neoplasm

Answer 2

autonomous growth of tissue that has escaped normal constraints of cell proliferation

Question 3

what are the types of neoplasm

Answer 3

benign - localised

malignant - invades locally or spreads

Question 4

what is cancer?

Answer 4

malignant neoplasm

Question 5

define hamartoma

Answer 5

localised benign overgrowth of one or more mature cell types ARCHITECTURAL ABNORMALITY

Question 6

define heterotopia

Answer 6

normal tissue found in t part of the body where not normally present

Question 7

what is the criteria for a primary neoplasm?

Answer 7

based on cell origin

Question 8

what is the criteria for a secondary neoplasm?

Answer 8

benign or malignant

Question 9

define teratoma

Answer 9

tumour derived from germ cells and can derive from all three germ cell layers

Question 10

what do teratoma contain?

Answer 10

mature and immature tissue and cancers

Question 11

How do benign and metastatic tumours differ?

Answer 11

invasion, metastasis, differentiation, growth pattern

Question 12

define invasion

Answer 12

direct extension into adjacent connective tissue and/or other structures

Question 13

define metastasis

Answer 13

spread via blood vessels to other parts of the body

Question 14

define differentiation

Answer 14

how much tumours resemble the tissue it is derived from

Question 15

what are the characteristics of differentiation in tumours?

Answer 15

increased nuclei size, increased and abnormal mitoses

Question 16

define growth pattern

Answer 16

how much the architecture of tumours resemble the architecture of the tissue it is derived from

Question 17

name the different routes tumours may use to spread

Answer 17

direct extension 
haematogenous
lymphatic
transcoelomic 
perineural

Question 18

describe spread by direct extension

Answer 18

associated with stroll response to the tumour

includes fibroblastic proliferation, vascular proliferation and immune response

Question 19

describe spread by haematogenous

Answer 19

via blood vessels

normal venules and capillaries due to thin walls

Question 20

describe spread by lymphatic

Answer 20

via lympahtics to nodes and further

pattern of spread dictated by the lymphatic drainage of the organ

Question 21

describe spread by transcoelomic

Answer 21

via seeding of body cavities

e.g. pleural and peritoneal cavities

Question 22

describe spread by perineural

Answer 22

via nerves

Question 23

how is tumour spread assessed?

Answer 23

clinically, radiologically, pathologically

Question 24

how is a tumour staged?

Answer 24

T = tumour
size or local invasion
N = nodes
number of nodes involved
M = metastases
presence of metastases

Question 25

define grade

Answer 25

how differentiated is the tumour

Question 26

define stage

Answer 26

how far the tumour has spread