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IMS topic 1 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define cancer

A

A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Forms solid tumours and leukaemia in almost any body site

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2
Q

Define adenoma

A

non-cancerous tumour, starts in epithelial cells

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3
Q

Define carcinogen

A

any substance that causes cancer

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4
Q

Define malignant

A

a growth that invades and destroys nearby tissues and spreads to other parts of the body

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5
Q

Metastasize

A

Spreading of the cancer from the place where it started to the lymph nodes and/or other parts of the body

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6
Q

Define neoplasm

A

abnormal cell growth that from a tumor

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7
Q

Define tumour

A

a group of cells that grows uncontrolled

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8
Q

Give 2 characteristics of cancer cells

A

uncontrolled growth, loss of contact inhibited cell division, immortal

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9
Q

Which two cancers are common in some families?

A

Breast & colon

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10
Q

Give 2 biological causes of cancer

A

Hep B, Human papilloma virus, H. Plyori

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11
Q

Give 2 chemical causes of cancer

A

Cigarette smoke, heterocyclic amines in cooked meats

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12
Q

Give 2 physical carcinogens

A

UV rays, X rays

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13
Q

What is a thymine dimer and how is it caused?

A

Two thymine molecules form a covalent bond between them

Caused by energy from UV light

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14
Q

Where is bento[a]pyrene (polycyclic hydrocarbon) found? What does it form?

A

Cigarette smoke

It binds to deoxyguanosine to form a DNA adduct

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15
Q

Define a DNA adduct, and how is it formed?

A

A segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This could be the start of a cancerous cell or carcinogenesis (cancer formation).
One possible cause is benzo[a]pyrene from cigarette smoke

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16
Q

What is aflatoxin and what is the danger of it?

A

A toxic metabolite (necessary for metabolism) produced by a fungus that grows in crops. It can form a DNA adduct in the liver, causing cancer

17
Q

How do we know if something causes cancer?

A

Animal tests

In vitro tests show the potential of a chemical to induce cancer

18
Q

What is the difference between case control and cohort studies

A

Case control compares groups with the disease to look for factors in common. Cohort studies follow a population over a period of time to see who contracts the disease from a certain factor.

19
Q

Which are the bigger contribution to cancer incidence, genetic factors or environmental factors?

A

Environmental factors

20
Q

What are DNA repair gene polymorphisms?

A

They alter the function and/or efficiency of DNA repair

IMS topic 1 (7 decks)

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