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Pathology Block 10 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Range the top three solid tumor cancer sites of men from most to least prevalence.

A

Prostate
Lung
Colorectal

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2
Q

Raines the top three solid tumor cancer sites of women from most to least prevalent

A

Breast
Lung
Colorectal

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3
Q

Most common non skin tumor in women

A

Breast

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4
Q

What is the most common non skin cancer in men

A

Prostate

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5
Q

Which cancer in men have the highest mortality rare

A

Lung

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6
Q

Which cancer in women has the highest mortality rate

A

Lung

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7
Q

4 primary targets of genetic damage that lead to cancer

A 
Gas
-growth promoting proto-oncogenes
Brake
-growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes (RB)
-also referred to as anti-oncogenes
Terminator 
-apoptosis-regulating genes 
Repairer
-DNA repair genes
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8
Q

Examples of growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes

A

PRB (retinoblastoma)

P53

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9
Q

2-hit mutation

A

In the growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes, they are recessive. If one of them is hit, and then other is normal, there will not be any issues. If the second allele gets hit, you will have a risk of getting cancer.

Retinoblastoma does this.

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10
Q

What is the most common target in human tumors

A

P53

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11
Q

Damage to P53

A

Growth inhibiting suppressor gene

Loss of p53 results in unrepaired DNA damage, mutations may lead to malignancy

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12
Q

List the stages of neoplasia pregression

A
  • insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  • self-sufficiency in growth signals
  • evading apoptosis
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • limitless replication potential
  • tissue invasion and metastasis
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13
Q

Precancerous

A

Dysplasia

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14
Q

Interpret the description of a tumor to determine if it malignant or benign

A
  • cell characteristics (differentiated vs undifferentiated)
  • manner of growth (contained vs not contained)
  • rate of growth (slow vs rapid)
  • potential for metastasis (doesn’t spread vs spreads)
  • capacity to cause death (live vs die)
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15
Q

Cahracteritistics of benign tumors

A 
Differentiated 
Contained (encapsulated)
Slow growth
Doesn’t spread 
Live
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16
Q

Characteritiics of malignancy tumors

A
  • undifferentiated
  • not contained
  • rapid
  • spreads
  • metastasis
  • die
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17
Q

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

A

Adenoma

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18
Q

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

A

Adenocarcinoma

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19
Q

Malignant tumor of epithelium tissue

A

Carcinoma

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20
Q

Malignant tumor of the immune system

A

Lymphoma

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21
Q

Microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projections growth on a surface

A

Papillomas

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22
Q

Malignant tumors of bone, muscle, or connective tissue

A

Sarcoma

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23
Q

What is the most common primary ocular malignancy in childhood

A

Retinoblastoma

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24
Q

Retinoblastoma hereditary

A

Sporadic. Non-hereditary in 60%

Hereditary in 40% of cases

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25
Hereditary retinoblastoma
40% of cases Affects both eyes HUGE risk of osteosarcoma and sarcoma
26
What is the most common tumor outside of the eye in a kid with retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma and sarcoma | -femur most often involved
27
What does RB require
It is autosomal dominant REQURIES 2 HITS Mutated RB1 gene
28
Hereditary or non hereditary RB: which is more common
Nonhereditary | -usually only involves one eye
29
Hereditary or nonhereditary RB: which is more dangerous
Hereditary | Affects both eyes and has a huge risk of osteosarcoma
30
Most common presentation of nonhereditary RB
Shows up in one eye and does not spread to other eyes
31
Hereditary RB
Germ line RB Affects both eyes Osteosarcoma
32
Recall the meaning of letters TNM cancer grading scheme
Tumor characteristics Nodal involvement Metastasis
33
Identify the seven signs of cancer abbreviated by the word caution
``` Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that will not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swellowing Obvious change in a wart or mole NAgging cough or hoarseness ```
34
Tumor suppressor genes 2 hit hypothesis
If you have a mutation to one of them, you will not have any bad outcome, but you will if you have two hits. Will not turn off cell growth
35
3 ways in which cancer generally spreads
- direct invasion and extension - seeding of cancer cells in body cavities - metastatic spread through the blood or lymph pathways
36
Intervasation
Cancer enters blood vessels
37
Extravasation
Cancer exits blood vessels and enters the tissues
38
For tumors to grow, they need what
Blood supply, angiogenesis
39
Metastasis
- adhesion to invasion of BM - intravasation - BM - extravasation
40
Stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori
41
Hep B and C cancers
Liver cancers
42
HPV cancers
Cervical cancer and penile cancer
43
HPV strains that cause cervical and penile cancer
16 and 18
44
Cellular differentiation
Grading
45
Progression or spread
Staging
46
Undifferentiated cells, backward formation
Anaplasia
47
Well differentiated and low grade tumor
Benign
48
Poorly differentiated, high grade tumor
Malignant
49
Tx
Cannot assess
50
T0
Breast free of tumor
51
T1
Lesion size <2cm
52
Lesion 2-5cm in size
T2
53
Lesions >5c in size
T3
54
Skin and/or chest wall involved by invasion
T4
55
Cannot assess lymph nodes
Nx
56
No lymph nodes involved
N0
57
1-2 auxiliary lymph nodes involved
N1
58
4-9 axillary lymph nodes involved
N2
59
10+ axillary nodes involved, or spread to clavicle nodes
N3
60
No distant spread
M0
61
Distant spread present
M1
62
Cancer and pain
Little or no pain iassociated with early stages of malignancy
63
Cachexia
Wasting away of the body
64
Biggest issue for BMT
Graft vs host disease

Pathology Block 10 (8 decks)

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