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Pathology Block 10 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Range the top three solid tumor cancer sites of men from most to least prevalence.

A

Prostate
Lung
Colorectal

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2
Q

Raines the top three solid tumor cancer sites of women from most to least prevalent

A

Breast
Lung
Colorectal

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3
Q

Most common non skin tumor in women

A

Breast

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4
Q

What is the most common non skin cancer in men

A

Prostate

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5
Q

Which cancer in men have the highest mortality rare

A

Lung

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6
Q

Which cancer in women has the highest mortality rate

A

Lung

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7
Q

4 primary targets of genetic damage that lead to cancer

A 
Gas
-growth promoting proto-oncogenes
Brake
-growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes (RB)
-also referred to as anti-oncogenes
Terminator 
-apoptosis-regulating genes 
Repairer
-DNA repair genes
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8
Q

Examples of growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes

A

PRB (retinoblastoma)

P53

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9
Q

2-hit mutation

A

In the growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes, they are recessive. If one of them is hit, and then other is normal, there will not be any issues. If the second allele gets hit, you will have a risk of getting cancer.

Retinoblastoma does this.

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10
Q

What is the most common target in human tumors

A

P53

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11
Q

Damage to P53

A

Growth inhibiting suppressor gene

Loss of p53 results in unrepaired DNA damage, mutations may lead to malignancy

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12
Q

List the stages of neoplasia pregression

A
  • insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  • self-sufficiency in growth signals
  • evading apoptosis
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • limitless replication potential
  • tissue invasion and metastasis
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13
Q

Precancerous

A

Dysplasia

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14
Q

Interpret the description of a tumor to determine if it malignant or benign

A
  • cell characteristics (differentiated vs undifferentiated)
  • manner of growth (contained vs not contained)
  • rate of growth (slow vs rapid)
  • potential for metastasis (doesn’t spread vs spreads)
  • capacity to cause death (live vs die)
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15
Q

Cahracteritistics of benign tumors

A 
Differentiated 
Contained (encapsulated)
Slow growth
Doesn’t spread 
Live
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16
Q

Characteritiics of malignancy tumors

A
  • undifferentiated
  • not contained
  • rapid
  • spreads
  • metastasis
  • die
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17
Q

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

A

Adenoma

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18
Q

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

A

Adenocarcinoma

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19
Q

Malignant tumor of epithelium tissue

A

Carcinoma

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20
Q

Malignant tumor of the immune system

A

Lymphoma

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21
Q

Microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projections growth on a surface

A

Papillomas

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22
Q

Malignant tumors of bone, muscle, or connective tissue

A

Sarcoma

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23
Q

What is the most common primary ocular malignancy in childhood

A

Retinoblastoma

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24
Q

Retinoblastoma hereditary

A

Sporadic. Non-hereditary in 60%

Hereditary in 40% of cases

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25
Q

Hereditary retinoblastoma

A

40% of cases
Affects both eyes
HUGE risk of osteosarcoma and sarcoma

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26
Q

What is the most common tumor outside of the eye in a kid with retinoblastoma

A

Osteosarcoma and sarcoma

-femur most often involved

27
Q

What does RB require

A

It is autosomal dominant
REQURIES 2 HITS
Mutated RB1 gene

28
Q

Hereditary or non hereditary RB: which is more common

A

Nonhereditary

-usually only involves one eye

29
Q

Hereditary or nonhereditary RB: which is more dangerous

A

Hereditary

Affects both eyes and has a huge risk of osteosarcoma

30
Q

Most common presentation of nonhereditary RB

A

Shows up in one eye and does not spread to other eyes

31
Q

Hereditary RB

A

Germ line RB
Affects both eyes
Osteosarcoma

32
Q

Recall the meaning of letters TNM cancer grading scheme

A

Tumor characteristics
Nodal involvement
Metastasis

33
Q

Identify the seven signs of cancer abbreviated by the word caution

A 
Change in bowel or bladder habits 
A sore that will not heal 
Unusual bleeding or discharge 
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere 
Indigestion or difficulty swellowing 
Obvious change in a wart or mole 
NAgging cough or hoarseness
34
Q

Tumor suppressor genes 2 hit hypothesis

A

If you have a mutation to one of them, you will not have any bad outcome, but you will if you have two hits. Will not turn off cell growth

35
Q

3 ways in which cancer generally spreads

A
  • direct invasion and extension
  • seeding of cancer cells in body cavities
  • metastatic spread through the blood or lymph pathways
36
Q

Intervasation

A

Cancer enters blood vessels

37
Q

Extravasation

A

Cancer exits blood vessels and enters the tissues

38
Q

For tumors to grow, they need what

A

Blood supply, angiogenesis

39
Q

Metastasis

A
  • adhesion to invasion of BM
  • intravasation
  • BM
  • extravasation
40
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori

41
Q

Hep B and C cancers

A

Liver cancers

42
Q

HPV cancers

A

Cervical cancer and penile cancer

43
Q

HPV strains that cause cervical and penile cancer

A

16 and 18

44
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

Grading

45
Q

Progression or spread

A

Staging

46
Q

Undifferentiated cells, backward formation

A

Anaplasia

47
Q

Well differentiated and low grade tumor

A

Benign

48
Q

Poorly differentiated, high grade tumor

A

Malignant

49
Q

Tx

A

Cannot assess

50
Q

T0

A

Breast free of tumor

51
Q

T1

A

Lesion size <2cm

52
Q

Lesion 2-5cm in size

A

T2

53
Q

Lesions >5c in size

A

T3

54
Q

Skin and/or chest wall involved by invasion

A

T4

55
Q

Cannot assess lymph nodes

A

Nx

56
Q

No lymph nodes involved

A

N0

57
Q

1-2 auxiliary lymph nodes involved

A

N1

58
Q

4-9 axillary lymph nodes involved

A

N2

59
Q

10+ axillary nodes involved, or spread to clavicle nodes

A

N3

60
Q

No distant spread

A

M0

61
Q

Distant spread present

A

M1

62
Q

Cancer and pain

A

Little or no pain iassociated with early stages of malignancy

63
Q

Cachexia

A

Wasting away of the body

64
Q

Biggest issue for BMT

A

Graft vs host disease

Pathology Block 10 (8 decks)

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