Cancer

Question 1

A deregulated multiplication of cells resulting in abnormal increase in the cell number in particular organs

Answer 1

Caner

Question 2

Tumor

Answer 2

Physical manifestation of the abnormal proliferation of cells

Question 3

Start of tumors, minimally different from normal cells

Answer 3

Hyperplastic lesion

Question 4

The presence of a different cell type w/in a layer of another tissue type

Answer 4

Metaplasia

Question 5

Benign epithelial neoplasm. Type of benign tumor.

Answer 5

Adenoma

Question 6

Benign mesenchymal neoplasm. Type of benign tumor.

Answer 6

Lipoma

Question 7

Malignant epithelial neoplasm

Answer 7

Carcinoma

Question 8

Malignant mesenchymal neoplasm

Answer 8

Sarcoma

Question 9

Malignant epithelial neoplasm

Answer 9

Carcinoma

Question 10

Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells

Answer 10

Lymphoma / leukemia

Question 11

General term referring to the proliferation of cells w/in an organ or tissue, can result in the gross enlargement of an organ or in a benign tumor

Answer 11

Hyperplasia

Question 12

An adaptive substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue. Under stress a more vulnerable type of tissue will be replaced by another more capable of withstanding stress

Answer 12

Metaplasia

Question 13

An abnormality in cell size, appearance, with or without a disorganized growth pattern

Answer 13

Dysplasia

Question 14

A disease of cells characterized by alteration of normal growth regulatory mechanisms

Answer 14

Neoplasia

Question 15

The formation and proliferation of connective tissue in response to neoplastic growth

Answer 15

Desmoplasia

Question 16

Epithelial cell cancer types. Cells that serve protection give rise to ___

Answer 16

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Question 17

Cells that secrete substances into ducts or cavities give rise to ______

Answer 17

Adenocarcinomas

Question 18

Radiation, chemicals, viruses, and bacteria are examples of ___

Answer 18

Carcinogens

Question 19

Liver cancer and cervical carcinoma are two examples of cancers that can be caused by ____

Answer 19

Viruses

Question 20

A large family DNA viruses not associated w/ cancer but important as models. These are lytic in cells of their natural hosts but can induce transformation in nonpermissive cells.

Answer 20

Adenoviruses

Question 21

Prevention aimed at reducing cancer incidence by avoiding exposure of individuals to known carcinogens. Smoking cessation, sunscreen use, etc.

Answer 21

Primary prevention (type 1)

Question 22

Prevention that is aimed at the early diagnosis of preneoplastic, preinvasive lesions, or early stage cancer in general. Pap smears

Answer 22

Secondary prevention (type 2)

Question 23

Type of prevention aimed at reducing the incidence of recurrence or metastasis. Chemotherapy

Answer 23

Tertiary Prevention (Type 3)

Question 24

Ulceration/ sores that don't heal
Pain
Unexplained weight loss
Perforation
Effusion
Fever of unknown origin
Fatigue
Unusual bleeding

Answer 24

Signs of cancer

Question 25

Genetic alterations leading to abnormal proliferation

Answer 25

Tumor initiation

Question 26

Stable genetic alterations growing and maturing.

Answer 26

Tumor progression

Question 27

``` Self - sufficiency in growth signals Insensitivity to antigrowth signals Evasion of apoptosis Tissue invasion and metastasis Sustained angiogenesis Limitless replicative potential ```

Answer 27

6 properties of cancer

Question 28

Autocrine growth stimulation is present | Cancer cells do not display contact inhibition

Answer 28

Uncontrolled proliferation

Question 29

Which property of cancer is a change in the fact that normal cells (except for stem cell) have a finite number of cell division they are capable of

Answer 29

Immortalization / limitless replicative potential

Question 30

Which of the six properties of cancer cells is explained by ; Differentiation is prevented Cancer cells do not exhibit density - dependent inhibition

Answer 30

Insensitivity to antigrowth signals

Question 31

Normal cells respond to programmed cell death signals when necessary, cancer cells do not. Which property of cancer is this?

Answer 31

Evasion of apoptosis

Question 32

Tumor cells making new capillaries to support their growth

Answer 32

Angiogenesis

Question 33

Cancer cells eventually acquire the ability to invade neighboring tissues and distant sites

Answer 33

Tissue invasion and metastasis

Question 34

What is the maximum size a tumor can get w/o angiogenesis

Answer 34

2mm

Question 35

Genes that are "turned on" in cancer that have a stimulatory effect on cells

Answer 35

Oncogenes

Question 36

Genes that are turned off in cancer whose products normally negativelly regulate cell proliferation, promote apoptosis or maintain in vivo homeostatic growth and differentiation potential. Function is lost during tumor initiation or progression

Answer 36

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 37

Genes whose dysfunction may create genomic instability. E.g. Dna repair genes or recombination genes

Answer 37

Genomic guardian genes

Question 38

Over expression of ___ is necessary for the immortalization of cancer cells

Answer 38

Telomerase

Question 39

Important regulatory genes that fnction in many cases in the signal transduction pathways controlling the proliferation of normal cells. Can be mutated.

Answer 39

Proto-oncogenes

Question 40

Genes whose products negattively regulate cell growth or behavior. Hallmark is that it is lost during tumor initiation or progression.

Answer 40

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 41

Increases expression of dna repair enzymes or signals apoptotic pathway

Answer 41

P53

Question 42

___ induces the expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21, which results in cell cycle arrest.

Answer 42

P53

Question 43

Benign tumor arising from glandular epithelium

Answer 43

Adenoma