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Cardiopulm Patho > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How do you define cancer?

A
  • A group of diseases caused by impaired regulation of tissue growth
  • Genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered
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2
Q

What are general risk factors for cancer?

A
  • tobacco, alcohol
  • diet that is pro-inflammatory
  • inactivity
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3
Q

What is the difference between oncology vs hematology

A

oncology-treatment of cancer w/ medicine

hematology-treatment of blood, bone marrow, spleen, and immune system

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4
Q

define 5-year survival rate

A

% of people who are alive 5 years

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5
Q

define disease free survival rate

A

% of individuals who achieve remission

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6
Q

define progression-free survival rate

A

% of individuals who still have cancer, but it isn’t progressing

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7
Q

define remission

A

no evidence of disease

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8
Q

define cured

A

no return of cancer for a specified amount of time

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9
Q

how does a normal cell become cancerous

A
  • disruption of cell division, during separation or replication of DNA
  • disruption of balance between new cell growth and cell death, usually caused by uncontrolled cell growth or loss of cell’s ability to undergo apoptosis
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10
Q

describe carcinogenesis

A

involves acquired genetic mutations, from gain and loss of entire chromosomes to single DNA nucleotide mutations

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11
Q

what is an oncogene

A

genes that contain genetic mutations that induce or stimulate cancer cell growth

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12
Q

all cancer is genetic, but can be either hereditary or acquired. described what that means

A

hereditary-mutations carried in the DNA of reproductive cells, so passed on to offspring in everyone of their cells
acquired-changes in DNA that develop over the lifetime and DNA repair mechanisms fail, these mutations passed on to future copies of the cell

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13
Q

what chromosomes are involved in leukemia

A

chromosomes 9 and 22

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14
Q

is cancer usually inherited

A

even though all cancer is genetic, most is not inherited but come from random that develop in body cells during one’s own lifetime

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15
Q

what are the six hallmarks of cancer

A
  • self-sufficiency in growth/proliferation=unregulated cell
  • insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  • tissue invasion and metasis
  • limitless replicative
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • resistance to apoptosis
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16
Q

what are the most common sites of metastases

A
  • bone
  • liver
  • brain
  • lungs
17
Q

define proto-oncogenes

A

genes coding for proteins that help regulate cell growth proliferation and differentiation, ie growth factors, signaling enzymes and transcription factors
-if mutated uncontrolled growth can occur

18
Q

define tumor suppressor genes

A

protective gene that controls/restrains cell growth and normally limits the growth of tumors
-if mutated, uncontrolled growth can occur

19
Q

how does unregulated growth of cancer cells occur

A
  • oncogenes are mutant forms of proto-oncogenes=stimulate excessive cell growth and division
  • mutation of tumor suppressor genes allows for uncontrolled cell division and growth, ie p53
20
Q

what are common carcinogens

A
  • prolonged and recurrent viral infections lead to breakdown of the immune system
  • HPV causes cervical cancer
  • Epstein-Barr virus causes Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  • chemicals can cause cell mutation or alter cell enzymes
21
Q

describe the process of cancer development

A
  • cellular mutation
  • cellular transformation to cancer
  • unregulated cell growth and division
  • angiogenesis
  • evade immune system
  • local invasion
  • metatasis
22
Q

describe common cancer classifications

A
  • carcinoma
  • sarcoma
  • leukemia
  • myeloma
  • lymphoma
23
Q

what are classic symptoms of cancer

A
  • unexpected weight loss
  • fever (70% of patients)
  • fatigue (due to weight loss, cachexia, high metabolic activity)
  • pain (non-specfic, in advance disease from destruction of healthy tissue, infection or stretching of internal organs)
  • changes in skin/hair
  • cachexia (high metabolic activity causes wating of all organs/muscles)
  • weight loss without effort
24
Q

What are specific S/S of bone cancer

A

-limited ROM

25
Q

what are specific S/S of breast cancer

A

nipple discharge/bleeding

skin dimpling

26
Q

what are s/s specific to CNS

A
  • poor judgement
  • neuro changes
  • balance, speech, gait
27
Q

what are s/s of leukemia

A

-unusual bleeding

28
Q

what are s/s of lung cancer

A
  • heart palpitations

- coughing blood

29
Q

what are specific s/s of lymphoma

A

-night sweats

30
Q

what are specific s/s of soft tissue tumor

A

local swelling w/o trauma

31
Q

how is cancer diagnosed

A
  • clinical exam
  • screening tests
  • biopsy
32
Q

describe a lymph node assessment

A
  • LN dissection in which LN and tissue are removed to determine malignancy, staging, tx
  • sentinel node biopsy- radioactive tracer w/ dye injected and look to see 1st LN to absorb dye and biopsy that LN or small group of LNs
33
Q

how do you determine treatment and prognosis

A

grade-how closely the cancer cell resembles a normal cell, key indicator of aggressiveness of tumor and gives info about cancer cell histological characteristics
stage-determines extent and spread of cancer and really refers to the anatomical location of the cancer

34
Q

different cancer grades

A

grade I: 75-10% well differentiated
grade II: 50-75% differentiated
grade III: 25-50% differentiated
grade IV: less than 25% differentiated

35
Q

TNM staging

A
  • size of tumor
  • number of LN’s involved
  • presence of metastases
36
Q

what do you look at in the appearance of cancer cells

A
  • a large number of irregularly shaped dividing cells
  • variation in nuclear size and shape
  • variation in cell size and shape
  • loss of specialized cell features
  • loss of normal tissue organization
  • a poorly defined tumor boundary
37
Q

Define Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

classic types:sclerosing and mixed, get double nuclei in 1 cell
s/s: lymph node/tissues, painless, fever, sweat, chills
75-70% of patients are cured w/ ABVD chemo
advanced disease treated w/ 6 cycles of ABVD or BEACOPP (if poor prognosis)
relapse has bone marrow transplant
survivors have high risk for other cancers

Cardiopulm Patho (4 decks)

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