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Patho Exam 1 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

0
Q

What is a malignant neoplasia known as?

A

Cancer

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1
Q

Abnormal growth of tissues resulting from loss of responsiveness to growth control signals

A

Neoplasm

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2
Q

Cancer of the blood stream (WBCs) is known as:

A

Leukemias

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3
Q

Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin is known as:

What is considered mesenchymal tissue?

A
  • Sarcomas

- fat, bone, muscle

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4
Q

Cancer of epithelial origin is known as:

A
  • Carcinomas
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5
Q

Cancer at the site of the lymph nodes is known as:

A
  • Lymphomas
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6
Q

Suffix -oma indicates that abnormal cells are:

A
  • Benign
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7
Q

Suffix -carcinoma & -sarcoma indicate the growth/cells are:

A
  • Malignant
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8
Q

An increase in the number of a cells is known as:

A
  • Hyperplasia
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9
Q

Some cellular and nuclear changes (loss of differentiation) leading to loss of cell uniformity and abnormal tissue architecture is known as:

A

Dysplasia

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10
Q

Undifferentiated cells, variable in size and shape; numerous and atypical mitoses, lack of organized tissue architecture is known as:

A
  • Anaplasia
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11
Q

What are 3 characteristics of benign neoplasms:

A
  • well differentiated
  • well demarcated (no invasion of surrounding tissue)
  • no distant metastases
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12
Q

3 characteristic of malignant neoplasms:

A
  • lack of differentiation (anaplasia)
  • locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissues
  • distant metastases
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13
Q

T/F: Normal cells proliferate.

A

True : cell proliferation is limited to certain types of cells and processes

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14
Q

Which cells/processes in the body under NORMAL conditions can go under cell proliferation?

A
  • BM myeloblasts
  • Immune cells
  • Epidermal cells
  • Epithelial cells (gut)
  • Regenerating tissues
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15
Q

Cell damage or perturbation in the cell cycle leads to:

A
  • Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
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16
Q

List the 7 factors/processes that characterize a Cancer Cell:

A
  • Self sufficiency in growth signals
  • Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  • Evasion of apoptosis
  • Limitless replicative potential
  • Sustained angiogenesis
  • Ability to invade & metastasize
  • Evasion of host immune response
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17
Q

An increase in growth factors, increase in transcription factors, increase in the number of signal-transducing proteins, increased receptor gene signaling or gene signaling not being turned off all can lead to:

A
  • Stimulation of cell proliferation
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18
Q

___________ encodes proteins that normally stimulate cell proliferation.

A

Proto-oncogenes

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19
Q

Altered or mutated forms of proto-oncogenes is known as:

A
  • Onco-genes
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20
Q

In cancers, ________ have sustained gain of function alterations resulting from changes in the ________.

A
  • Onco-genes

- Genome

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21
Q

Mutations of proto-oncogenes arise ________ and are _________.

A
  • Somatically

- Dominant (meaning only one allele has to be effected for uncontrolled proliferation to occur)

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22
Q

Proto-oncogenes: Growth Factor Receptors

Mutated forms of receptors have __________ activity.
In addition to, over expression of ______ ________.

A
  • Constitutive ( meaning the receptors are always on)

- Growth Factors (over expression of ERBB2 (HER2) in breast cancer)

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23
Q

Proto-oncogenes: Growth Factors

Oncogenes cause over expression of ___________ growth factors.

A
  • Autocrine (dominant defect - one allele affected and causing uncontrolled proliferation)
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24
Q

What are 2 ways in which a cell can undergo uncontrolled growth?

A
  • increase the number of receptors

- the receptor is constantly activated (on)

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25
Q

When GTP is hydrolyzed (converted) to GDP this signals the receptor to __________.

A
  • turn off
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26
Q

Proto-oncogenes: Signal Transducing Proteins

RAS encodes for _______ which transmits a mitogenic signal for activated growth factor receptors that causes a cascade of _____________ that act on the ________. (this is a normal process)

A
  • p21 G protein
  • Transducing proteins
  • Nucleus
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27
Q

RAS mutation:

Mutations affecting __________ lead to constitutive activation of the mitogenic cascade.

A

GTP hydrolysis

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28
Q

What is the most common abnormalities in human cancer (particularly high incidence in colon and pancreatic cancers)

A
  • RAS mutations
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29
Q

Proto-oncogenes: Signal-Transducing Proteins

Proto-oncogenes stimulate expression of several growth-related genes, including _______________.

A
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
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30
Q

MYC as a proto-oncogene is known for normal growth -> MYC activates _____________ genes -> to increase growth

A
  • growth related
31
Q

_______ is most commonly involved in human cancer.

A
  • MYC
32
Q

Proto-oncogenes: Signal-Transducing Proteins

MYC in its altered form continues to activate _______.

An increase in MYC leads to an _______ cell growth.

A
  • CDKs

- Increase

33
Q

MYC in breast, lung and other cancers is overexpressed due to ____ ____________.

A
  • Gene amplification
34
Q

Progression of the cell cycle is driven by ______ and __________.

A
  • Cyclins

- Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

35
Q

The cell cycle is tightly controlled by _____________.

A
  • CDK inhibitors
36
Q

Dysregulation of ______ and _____ expression or their mutation occur often in cancer cells and promote proliferation.

A
  • Cyclin

- CDK

37
Q

The most common insults affect proteins involved in ______ transition

A
  • G1-S
38
Q

_____ ___________ _____ encode proteins that normally inhibit cell proliferation or stimulate apoptosis upon cell damage.

A
  • Tumor suppressor genes
39
Q

Tumor suppressor genes are _________ in cancer cells by mutations, truncation, deletions or methylation, leading to _______________.

A
  • Inactivated

- Uncontrolled growth

40
Q

Proto-oncogenes -> _____ __________.

Tumor suppressor genes -> _____ _______.

A
  • Favors growth

- Inhibit growth

41
Q

Mutations of tumor suppressor genes are usually _________.

A
  • Recessive (meaning 2 alleles must be altered to lose their function)
42
Q

__________ ________ develop earlier in age than sporadic malignancies and often arise in multiple locations.

A
  • Hereditary cancers
43
Q

Tumor suppressor genes- p53 -> controls ____ __________ and ________: it detects cellular stress and prevents propagation of damaged cell.

A
  • Cell proliferation

- Apoptosis

44
Q

Under normal conditions, p53 is bound ________ ______ -> which causes its degradation and short half-life

A
  • MDM2 gene
45
Q

Upon cellular stress _____ is released from the complex with ______ -> which increases its half-life and activates it ___________ ______ activity

A
  • p53
  • MDM2
  • transcription factor
46
Q

Active p53 stimulates transcription of ____ __________ (p21) -> which leads to _____ growth arrest: simulataneously DNA repair systems are activated (GADD45)

A
  • CDK inhibitor (p21)

- G1

47
Q

____ is the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer (over 70%)

A
  • p53
48
Q

Mutations or loss of p53 leads to _________ and _________ of mutated and damaged cells.

A
  • Accumulation

- Propogation

49
Q

p53 functional form is a _______.

A
  • Tetramer
50
Q

p53 protein is a _____________ ______ -> which binds to DNA sequence of genes encoding proteins responsible for cell cycle arrest and ________.

A
  • Transcription factor

- Apoptosis

51
Q

In this scenario, the mutant p53 does not interfere with the actions of the wild type allele.

A
  • Loss of function
52
Q

In this scenario, the mutant p53 forms a complex with the wild type allele and prevents its binding to the target gene promoters.

A
  • Dominant negative mutant
53
Q

In the scenario, the mutant p53 binds to different DNA sequences and activates different target genes -> which leads to cell proliferation

A
  • Gain of function
54
Q

T/F: DNA repair genes usually are NOT directly involved in cell cycle regulation.

A
  • True
55
Q

Lack of DNA repair facilitates mutations in genes including _________ and _____ __________.

A
  • Oncogenes

- Tumor suppressor genes

56
Q

In regards to breast cancer, both ______ and ______ encode for nuclear proteins involved in response to DNA damage and in DNA repair.

A
  • BRCA1

- BRCA2

57
Q

Deregulation of apoptotic mechanism leads to:

A
  • Propagation of damaged, mutated cells
58
Q

___________ is an enzyme, which in stem cells maintain normal telomere length preventing their senescence.

A
  • Telomerase
59
Q

In most cancers _________is up-regulated which allows for _________ cell divisions.

A
  • Telomerase

- Unlimited (limitless replicative potential)

60
Q

_______________ - the growth of capillary blood vessels -> tumor growth and metastasis depend on this.

A
  • Angiogenesis
61
Q

Perfusion supplies nutrients, growth factors and oxygen, preventing _______-___________ apoptosis.

A
  • Hypoxia-induced
62
Q

What is the Angiogenic switch?

A
  • scale is tipped so more pro-angiogenic factors exist than anti-angiogenic factors (= more angiogenesis -> tumor growth)
63
Q

Invasion and metastasis occurs by invasion of the ___________ ______, which is mediated by ________ motility factors and stimulated by _______________.

A
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Autocrine
  • Chemoattractants
64
Q

Name 3 main players in cellular effectors of anti-tumor immunity:

A
  • CD8 T cells
  • NK cells
  • Macrophages
65
Q

Name 3 ways a tumor can escape the immune response of the host:

A
  • selective outgrowth of antigen negative cells
  • loss of expression of MHC-1
  • secretion of immunosuppressants
66
Q

Factors that can cause cancer:

A
  • Viruses/Bacteria
  • Chemicals
  • Radiation
67
Q

Viruses can contribute to cancer development by:

A
  • synthesizing proteins inactivating human genes involved in the cell cycle (HPV)
  • expression of proteins stimulating cell proliferation (EBV, HBV)
  • tissue injury leading to induction of regeneration processes (HBV)
68
Q

Tumor progression occurs d/t deregulation of DNA replication causes genomic instability -> cancer. Name the 3 alterations in the process that causes this to occur.

A
  • Altered cell checkpoints
  • Altered apoptosis
  • Altered DNA repair
69
Q

Non specific signs of tumor progression:

A
  • unexplained weight loss
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • pain
  • skin changes
70
Q

Why do we die of cancer?

A
  • Cytokine- induced cancer symptoms
71
Q

Cancer diagnosis can be determined by:

A
  • imaging (xray, CT, MRI, PET)
  • biopsy (histopathological analysis)
  • immunocytochemistry
72
Q

This technique for diagnosing cancer detect tumor cells by using antibodies against tumor-specific antigens

A
  • immunocytochemistry
73
Q

Tumors are complex tissues containing:

A
  • tumor cells
  • fibroblasts
  • immune cells
  • blood vessels (endothelial cells)
  • lymphatic vessels
74
Q

Cancer therapy consists of:

A
  • surgery
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation
75
Q

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy target _______ ________ cells.

A
  • rapidly dividing

- (these therapies target all proliferating cells in the body)

76
Q

Inherited mutations of the ______ _________ ______ contribute to familial cancers.

A
  • tumor suppressor genes

Patho Exam 1 (3 decks)

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