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Foundation 2 Final > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A
  • neoplastic dz process that involves abnormal cell growth and differentiation
  • can be caused by viruses, physical/chemical agents, hormone, genetics, and diet
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2
Q

proto-oncogenese

A

•a normal gene that can undergo mutation and become an oncogene, causing cancer

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3
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

•stop the tumor cells

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4
Q

Knudson’s Two-Hit hypothesis

A

•cancer growth due to

  1. genetic mutation
  2. environmental exposure
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5
Q

environmental exposures predisposing to cancer

A
  • radiation
  • chemicals
  • virus
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6
Q

radiation sources

A
  • sun
  • tanning beds
  • medical scanning devices
  • cell phones
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7
Q

chemical sources

A
  • household products
  • hygiene products
  • manufacturing/process ingredients
  • farming processes
  • processed foods
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8
Q

virus sources

A
  • Epstein Barr

* HPV

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9
Q

initiation phase of carcinogenesis

A

•chemical, physical, or biological agent damages cell DNA
•damage either repaired or genetic mutation occurs
*cancer not immediate

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10
Q

promotion phase of carcinogenesis

A
  • additional insults to already damaged cells leads to further damage
  • malignant conversion phase when altered cells reproduce
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11
Q

progression phase of carcinogenesis

A

•more changes in damaged cells makes them more malignant in appearance/behavior
•malignant cells develop into invasive cancers
-invade tissue
-metastasize

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12
Q

metastasis

A 
•spread of cancer cells to distant parts of body
•3 ways
-vascular
-lymphatic
-implantation
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13
Q

cancer cell grading

A 
GX- cannot assess (undetermined)
G1- well differentiated (low)
G2- moderately diff (intermediate)
G3- poor diff (high)
G4- undiff (high)
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14
Q

physical issues r/t presence of cancer cells

A
  • impaired organ, tissue fxn

* pain/disocomfort

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15
Q

stem cell or bone marrow transplant cancer tx

A
  • autologous- yourself
  • syngeneic- identical genes
  • allogenic- relative
  • MUD- matched unrelated donor
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16
Q

supportive care tx for cancer

A
  • blood products
  • abx
  • O2
  • IV fluids/nutrition
  • pain management
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17
Q

RN care during cancer tx

A
  • admin chemo/tx
  • monitor/manage AEs
  • protect from infection/bleeding
  • support nutrition
  • manage fatigue
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18
Q

side effects r/t cancer tx

A
  • N/V
  • constipation/diarrhea
  • weight loss
  • decreased Hgb/Hct
  • neuropathy
  • neutropenia
  • pancytopenia
  • alopecia
  • Tumor lysis syndrome
  • mucositis/stomatits
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19
Q

drugs for WBC support cancer tx

A

•Neupogen

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20
Q

drugs for RBC support cancer tx

A
  • Epogen

* Procrit

21
Q

drugs for DVT prophylaxis cancer tx

A
  • Lovenox
  • heparin
  • aspirin
22
Q

drugs for bone mineral support cancer tx

A

•Aredia
•calcitonin
*hydration

23
Q

drugs to manage tumor lysis effects

A
  • allopurinol

* hydration

24
Q

prophylactic anti-infective drugs cancer tx

A
  • acylovir
  • fluconazole
  • ciprofloxacin
25
Q

ANC

A

•absolute neutrophil count
•normal: 3,000-5,00
•neutropenic: 1,000
*drops during chemo tx

26
Q

calculating ANC

A

%neutrophil x total WBC = ANC

27
Q

chemotherapy

A
  • admin of systemic or local cytotoxic meds that damage cell’s DNA or destroy rapidly dividing cells
  • reduces # cancer cells at primary and metastic sites
28
Q

chemo admin

A
  • PO
  • parenteral
  • IV- peripheral vein or VAD
  • intra-arterial
  • intrathecal
  • intravesicle
29
Q

vascular access devices (VAD)

A
  • site of chemo admin b/c it is so irritant to peripheral veins
  • R-atrial catheters
  • infusaports
  • PICC line
30
Q

cell cycle specific chemo agents

A

•effect dividing cells

31
Q

cell cycle nonspecific chemo agents

A

•effect cells dividing OR at rest

32
Q

factors that affect tumor response to chemo

A
  • mitotic rate
  • size, age, location of tumor
  • physiological/psychological status
33
Q

alkylating chemo agents

A

•alter DNA/prevent cell growth

34
Q

antitumor chemo antibiotics

A

•interact w/ DNA to decrease cell survival

35
Q

antimetabolite chemo agents

A

•interfere w/ normal cell growth

36
Q

DNA repair inhibitors

A

•chemo agents that prevent enzymatic cell repair

37
Q

miotic inhibitors

A

•chemo agents that prevent cell division

38
Q

flare rxn to chemo

A
  • warmth, redness
  • maybe itching
  • NO pain/swelling
39
Q

extravasation rxn to chemo

A

•leakage of a vesicant medication into the surrounding tissue instead of into the intended vascular pathway
•cool and pallor at IV site
*stop drug immediately

40
Q

acute infusion rxn to chemo

A 
•systemic rxn to anti-cancer agent
•hypersensitivity
•anaphylaxis
•cytokine release
*stop drug
41
Q

superior vena cava syndrome

A
  • Internal or external vessel obstruction
  • leads to dyspnea, neck/face swelling, jugular vein distention; maybe chest pain, arm swelling, dysphagia, etc.
  • EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
42
Q

cardiac tamponade

A
  • Accumulation of fluid in the pericardium
  • chest pain, dyspnea, low BP, pallor, nausea, LOC changes, agitation, heart sounds muffled or distant, jugular vein distention
  • EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
43
Q

spinal cord compression

A
  • from tumor invasion or from vertebral destruction that impinges on cord
  • pain, weakness, decreased movement, numbness
  • May lead to permanent paralysis
  • EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
44
Q

syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH

A
  • with low serum sodium levels, fluid retention and low urine output, headache, confusion, irritability, lethargy, muscle weakness
  • EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
45
Q

tumor lysis syndrome

A
  • tumor cell breakdown releases metabolites into the circulation
  • hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia
  • maybe hypocalcemia, renal failure
  • Weakness, EKG changes, low BP, muscle cramps, decrease urine output, mentation/LOC changes
  • EMERGENCY rxn to chemo
46
Q

lifestyle consequences r/t cancer

A
  • infertility
  • altered body image
  • require ADL assistance
  • cost of tx
  • malnutrition
  • paraneoplastic syndromes
  • hypercalcemia
  • DIC- improper clotting
47
Q

modifiable cancer prevention options

A
  • weight
  • activity/exercise
  • diet
  • radiation/chemical exposure
  • hormone use
48
Q

non-modifiable cancer prevention options

A
  • gender
  • genetics
  • age
  • family hx
49
Q

cancer early detection

A
  • self-exams
  • provider exams
  • screenings
  • genetic counseling

Foundation 2 Final (2 decks)

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