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Metabolic test 2 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Nutritional impact of cancer

A

Weight loss

Anorexia

Alteration in metabolism

LBM wasting

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2
Q

Cancer definition

A

Uncontrolled cell division and these cell can invade other tissues in the body

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3
Q

Invasion

A

Tumor increase in size and spread to other part of body

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4
Q

Metastasis

A

Cancer cells break off and travel to a specific site

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5
Q

Example of metastasis

A

Breast cancer metastasizes to the lungs and brain

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6
Q

Etology of cancer

A

Exposure of carcinogens

Genetics

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7
Q

What can damage genes ?

A
  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Physical agents (ionizing radiation, uv radiation, asbestos)
  • Viral agents( epstein-Barr virus, HPV)
  • Bacterial agents (H. pylori)
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8
Q

Nutrigenomic

A

Study of gene variations of how different phynotype response to diet in human

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9
Q

Types of prevention and screening

A

Primary: specific factors are identified as part of cancer process (stop smoking)

Secondary: early detection (ACS 5 years prevention guildlines )

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10
Q

Warning signs of cancer

A

Change in bowel habit

Sores don’t heal

Leukoplakia ( white patches inside of mouth and tongue)

Usually bleeding or discharge

Lumps in part of body

Change in mole

Hoarse cough

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11
Q

Classification of cancer cells

A

Cycling: divide continuously ( epithelial)
Non-dividing: divide before specialized ( nerve)
Resting: remain dormant unless special circumstances

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12
Q

2 basic genes for cellular growth

A

Oncogenes: stimulate growth
Suppressors: stops growth

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13
Q

Pathophysiology of cancer

A

Cancer cell:

Reproduces at an
uncontrolled rate

                             Becomes autonomous

May secrete it’s own
growth factor

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14
Q

3 steps of normal cell growth to cancer cell

A

Initiation : normal cell is exposed to the appro amount to carcinogens- genetic mutation
Promotion: pre-neoplastic lesion
Progression: lesion developed into tumor

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15
Q

Diagnosis of cancer

A

Biochemical: markers, PSA ( prostate), CEA carcinoembryonic antigen (colon),( cervical)
Blood: blood count, size
Imaging: x-ray, CAT scan
Cytologic: biopsy of the tumor or liquid around it

Use them all together

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16
Q

Clinical manifestation of cancer

A
  • *Pain**: the tumor pushes on other organs
  • *Infection**: reduce immune function from the tumor or the treatments
  • *Anemia**: poor intake, tumor in blood
  • *Fatigue**: emotionally and physically tired
  • *Malnutrition**: from the cancer or the treatment
  • *Cachexia**: extreme malnourished , most common cause of death, losing muscle mass, early satiety
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17
Q

Carcinoma

A

Epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Sarcoma

A

Connective tissue

19
Q

Glioma

A

Glial cells of CNS

20
Q

Surgery treatment of cancer

A
  • *Primary**
  • *Adjuvant**: chemo to shrink then surgery remove
  • *Combination**: remove tumor then chemo or radiation
  • *Salvage**: extensive to treat reoccurring
  • *Palliative**: relieve symptoms, can’t cure anymore
21
Q

Risk factors of esophageal cancer

A

Smoking, alcohol consumption, Barrett’s Esophagus, diet low in fiber and vegetables

22
Q

Side effects of esophageal cancer surgery

A

Dysgeusia: altered taste
Xerostoma: dry mouth
Barretts: food comes back up, acidic that causes esophagus => esophageal cancer

23
Q

Side effect of gastric cancer surgery

A

Results of gastrectomy: dumping syndrome, delayed gastric emptying, early satiety,
nausea, vomiting

24
Q

Side effect of intestional cancer surgery

A

Resections may promote steatorrhea and malabsorption

25
Q

Intestional cancer risk factors

A

Family hx, diet, lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, IBD (inflammation bowel diseases)

26
Q

Colostomy

A

Rectum and anus needed to be removed

27
Q

Ileostomy

A

Entire colon, rectum, and anus are removed

28
Q

Which part of colon is worst to be removed ?

A

Ascending because that’s where water and electrolytes are absorbed

29
Q

Facts about pancreatic cancer

A

Symptoms are extremely faint with high mortality rate

30
Q

Whipple Procedure

A

Directly feeding to the jejunum

31
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Medicines that interrupt cell production

Combination: less drug resistance, less toxicity. Treat 2 areas at the same time

Adjuvant: chemo after surgery

** Neoadjuvant**: chemo before surgery

Given systemically and thus ALL cells of the body
are exposed to the toxic effects of the drug

32
Q

What cells are most affected by chemotherapy

A

Cells that divide rapidly is also effected with chemo in GI track, blood cells (WBC,RBC, platelets), hair follicle

33
Q

Side effects of chemo

A

Neutropenia: low WBC counts
Thrombo: low platelets
Anemia: from now RBC
Diarrhea: GI tracks
Mucositis: inflammation of the GI epithelial tissue
Alopecia: loss of hair

34
Q

Radiation

A

Like chemo, radiation effects the continuously proliferating cells most
May be administered externally or internally

35
Q

Effects of radiation

A

Fatigue
Mucositis
Dysgeusia: altered taste
Xerostomia: very dry mouth
Dysphagia:
Odynophagia: pain when swallow
Severe Esophagitis

36
Q

What other risks that occur when a patient recieve radiation :

A

Those taking radiation are at risk of dehydration

Oral intake at times may be impossible due
to the extremely irritated esophagus tissues

37
Q

Nutrition intervention for cancer

A

Cachexia
Nutritional Support may be needed
Abnormalities in CHO, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism

38
Q

Nutritional complication of cancer

A

Nausea/Vomiting
Early satiety
Diarrhea
Mucositis
Xerostomia
Constipation
Wt loss
Anemia

39
Q

Energy needs for cancer

A

Obese:
21-25 kcals/kg
Non-ambulatory or sedentary adults:
25-30 kcal/kg
Slightly hypermetabolic or need wt gain:
30-35 kcal/kg
Hypercatabolic, severely stressed, or have malabsorption:
35 kcals/kg or greater as needed

40
Q

Protein needs for cancer

A

Normal or maintenance:
.8-1.0 g/kg
Non-stressed cancer pts:
1.0-1.5 g/kg
Bone marrow transplant:
1.5 g/kg or greater as needed
Extreme wasting or hypercatabolism:
1.5-2.5 g/kg

41
Q

Nutrition therapy for cancer

A

**Diarrhea: **Drink small amounts of fluid frequently
throughout the day
Gatorade, Pedialyte, Clear liquids, and Oral Rehydration fluids are recommended

    **        Anorexia**: May need appetite stimulant

Nausea and vomiting: cause should be
determined and treated

Early Satiety: Small frequent meals that are nutrient dense

Mucositis: High Kcal, High Protein nutritional beverages

Xerostomia: enhance saliva production

Avoid favorite food while doing chemo

42
Q
A
43
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

A disorder in which the lining of the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid and changed to a lining similar to that of the stomach.

44
Q

Whipple Procedure

A

feeding directly to the jejunum

Metabolic test 2 (1 decks)

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