cancer Flashcards
what are tumor-suppressor genes and how do mutations affect them
they are involved in cell cycle control. mutant alleles act recessively
what are the 2 types of genes that are responsible for cancer when they are mutated
tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes
what are oncogenes and how do mutations affect them
mutated genes that have the potential to cause cancer. mutant alleles act dominantly
kinases do…
phosphorylation
what is the purpose of the G1-S checkpoint?
decides whether to express genes needed for DNA replication
what is E2F?
an activation factor
what is the two-hit mutational model
one mutant RB copy is inherited from parents or sporadically mutates and if the second copy also mutates, then there is no functional RB and cell is committed to S phase
what protein does p53 induce the expression of?
p21
what triggers p53 to activate p21?
it is phosphorylated
what does p21 do?
inactivates CDK so that CDK cannot phosphorylate Rb
what happens if the damage cannot be repaired?
p53 initiates apoptosis
what is a driver mutation
mutations resulting in cancer initiation or progression
what is a passenger mutation
mutations that don’t contribute to cancer but arise because of increased mutations due to driver mutations - majority of mutations in mature cancers are passenger mutations
usually, __________ ___________ must occur to change a normal cell to a cancerous one
multiple mutations
what is metastasis
cancer cells migrate to different parts of the body and spread the cancer
