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Cellular Regulation > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cancer?

A

A family of complex diseases with manifestations that vary according to body system and type of tumor cells

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2
Q

Which ethnic or racial group is most likely to develop cancer in the US?

A

African Americans

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3
Q

What is oncology?

A

The study of cancer

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4
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Mass of new tissue that grows independently of its surrounding structures and has no purpose. Interchangeable with tumor.

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5
Q

What does benign mean?

A

Growth that does not endanger life or health

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6
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

Growth that, if not treated, will recur, continue to grow, and spread to other sites in the body (metastasize), ending in death.

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7
Q

Characteristics of a benign neoplasm

A
  • solid mass
  • well defined borders
  • encapsulated
  • often stop growing when they reach the border of another tissue (contact inhibition)
  • slow growth
  • does not recur
  • easily removed
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8
Q

Characteristics of malignant neoplasms

A
  • grow agressively
  • not cohesive, irregular shape
  • cut through surrounding tissues (invasion)
  • invasive
  • invades and destroys surrounding tissue
  • metastiasizes to distant sites
  • not easily removable
  • can recur
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9
Q

What does metastasis mean?

A

The process by which spreading of malignant neoplasms occurs; the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another

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10
Q

Characteristics of malignant cells

A
  • loss of regulation of the rate of mitosis
  • loss of specialization and differentiation (perform similar to parent tissue, but in excessive amounts)
  • loss of contact inhibition
  • become “immortal”
  • irreversible
  • altered structure
  • only there to divide and conquer
  • transplantability (breaks away and travels throughout the body
  • promote own survival by stealing blood supply from other tissues
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11
Q

Qualities of aggressive tumors

A
  • ability to cause pressure atrophy (kills surrounding tissue with pressure)
  • ability to disrupt the basement membrane of normal cells
  • motility
  • response to chemical signals from adjacent tissues
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12
Q

Most common sites of metastasis

A
  • lymph nodes
  • liver
  • lungs
  • bone
  • brain
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13
Q

Presentation of a cancer patient

A
  • fatigued
  • weight loss
  • anemia
  • pallor
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalances
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14
Q

Causative agents

A 
External
-chemicals
-radiation
-viruses
(Think about where the patient works, lives, if they have been in contact with carcinogens)

Internal

  • hormones
  • immune conditions
  • inherited mutations
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15
Q

HSV-1 and -2 are linked to which cancers?

A
  • Carcinoma of the lip
  • Cervical carcinoma
  • Kaposi sarcoma
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16
Q

Human Cytomegalovirus is linked to which cancers?

A
  • Kaposi sarcoma

- Prostate cancer

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17
Q

Epstein-Barr virus is linked to which cancers?

A

-Burkitt lymphoma

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18
Q

Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is linked to which cancers?

A

-lymphoma

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19
Q

Hepatitis B virus is linked to which cancers?

A

-Primary hepatocellular cancer

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20
Q

Papillomavirus (HPV) is linked to which cancers?

A
  • malignant melanoma

- cervical, penile, and laryngeal cancers

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21
Q

Human T-lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV) are linked to which cancers?

A
  • adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
  • T-cell variant of hairy-cell leukemia
  • Kaposi sarcoma
22
Q

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

A
  • age
  • gender
  • heredity
23
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A
  • poverty
  • stress
  • diet
  • occupation
  • infection
  • tobacco use
  • alcohol use
  • recreational drug use
  • obesity
  • sun exposure
24
Q

Teaching prevention (primary)

A
  • healthy diet
  • exercising
  • smoking cessation
  • decrease alcohol consumption
  • wear sunscreen
  • wash hands and have good hygiene
  • reduce promiscuity
25
Q

Common clinical manifestations

A
  • Disruption of function (bowel obstruction with bowel cancer, renal failure with kidney cancer)
  • Hematologic alterations (immature leukocytes cannot fight infection)
  • infection (invasion can cause fistulas, causing infection)
  • hemorrhage
  • anorexia (malnourished)
  • paraneoplastic syndromes (rare)
26
Q

Most common Oncologic Emergencies

A 
-tumor lysis syndrome
(hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia causing cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure, and death)
-septic shock
-brain herniation
-spinal cord compression
-superior vena cava compression
27
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of direct tumor involvement resulting in pain?
How do we treat this pain?

A
  • the patient experiences pain, often severe in nature and described as any type
  • narcotic analgesics
28
Q

What are the clinical manifestations related to anorexia-cachexia?
How do we treat this?

A
  • muscle wasting, weight loss, emaciated appearance, weakness, fatigue
  • nutritional counseling, increase caloric intake, reduce activity level, provide nutritional supplements (liquid formulas)
29
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of infection related to cancer?
How do we treat this?

A
  • fever, malaise, fatigue, septicemia

- teach prevention techniques (hand washing, cough etiquette, crowd avoidance), antimicrobial meds, monitor and hydrate

30
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes?
How do we treat these?

A
  • dependent on system affected, increased hormone production, hypersecretion
  • surgical intervention, palliative care, pain management, support services
31
Q

What tissue of origin do Carcinomas come from?

A

Epithelial tissues

-adenocarcinoma

32
Q

Where do we find Sarcomas?

A

Connective or supportive tissue

  • Bone (osteosarcoma)
  • Cartilage (chondrosarcoma)
  • Adipose (liposarcoma)
  • Smooth muscle (leiomyosarcoma)
  • Skeletal muscle (rhabdosarcoma)
  • Fibrous tissue (fibrosarcoma)
  • Cavity membranes (mesothelial sarcoma)
  • blood vessels (angiosarcoma)
33
Q

Where do we find myelomas?

A

Plasma Cells (myeloma)

34
Q

Where do find lymphomas?

A

Lymphocytes

  • Non Hodgkin
  • Hodgkin (Reed-Sternberg Cell)
35
Q

Where do we find Leukemia?

A

Bone marrow

  • myelogenous
  • lymphocytic
36
Q

What to do for Primary prevention?

A

Teaching, always teach how to prevent cancer

  • healthy diet
  • exercise
  • sun screen
37
Q

What to do for secondary prevention?

A
  • identifying high risk patients

- cancer screening (breast exam, testicular exam, colonoscopy (50 yo), PAP test)

38
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used to diagnose cancer?

A
  • X-ray
  • CT
  • ultrasound
  • MRI
  • biopsy
  • sputum testing
  • PSA (prostate)
  • CEA (blood antigen test)
39
Q

Describe stage 1 cancer

A
  • a small invasive mass or tumor
  • no spread to lymph nodes or other tissues
  • sometimes called early-stage or “localized”
40
Q

Describe stage 2 cancer

A
  • cancer has started to affect nearby tissue
  • mass may have grown in size
  • spread to lymph nodes near the mass
41
Q

Describe stage 3 cancer

A
  • cancer affects more surrounding tissue
  • mass may have grown in size
  • spread to distant lymph nodes away from the mass
42
Q

Describe stage 4 cancer

A
  • cancer has spread to other tissues or organs beyond the region where it originated
  • sometimes called “advanced” or “metastatic”
43
Q

What does TNM stand for?

A

T: extent of primary Tumor
N: lymph Node involvement
M: extent of Metastasis

44
Q

A tumor presents less than 5cm in size, with lymph spread, and has not spread throughout the body. What TNM stage is the cancer?

A

Stage 2: >2cm but <5cm, did or did not spread to nodes, no metastases

45
Q

A tumor presents less than 2cm in size, has not spread to lymph nodes, and is localized. What TNM stage is this cancer?

A

Stage 1: <2cm in size, no nodes, no mets

46
Q

A tumor presents larger than 5 cm in size, has spread to clavicular lymph nodes, but has not metastasized. Which TNM stage is this cancer?

A

Stage 3: >5cm, clavicular node spread, no mets

47
Q

A tumor presents at 3cm in size, with no lymph node spread detected, but it has metastasized. Which TNM stage is this cancer?

A

Stage 4: any size, did or did not spread to lymph nodes, distant mets

(STAGE 4 IS THE ONLY STAGE THAT METASTASIZES)

48
Q

What are the different types of tumor markers?

A
  • antigens
  • hormones
  • proteins
  • enzymes
49
Q

Cancer treatment options

A

-surgical removal of the tumor
-chemotherapy
-radiation therapy
(usually all used congruently)

50
Q

Classifications of Chemo drugs

A
  • alkylating agents
  • antitumor antibiotics
  • antimetabolites
  • hormones and hormone agonists
  • biological response modifiers and targeted therapies
  • natural products
51
Q

What is the most common type of radiation therapy?

A

External-beam radiation which is administered from a source outside the body

Cellular Regulation (1 decks)

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