Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Surg > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

This kind of cancer involves the proliferation of white blood cells:

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The second most prominent blood cancer is:

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This blood cancer is thought of as a childhood disease, BUT number of adults affected is actually 9 times greater than in children:

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Leukemia is the accumulation of:

A

dysfunctional cells due to loss of regulation in cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This cancer is fatal if left untreated:

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fever, fatigue, weight loss, bone pain, bruising, and/or bleeding are all manifestation of:

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acute Leukemia is the proliferation of

A

immature hematopoietic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In acute leukemia, abnormal cells develop quickly and leave the bone marrow as dysfunctional cells called:

A

“blasts.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In acute leukemia, a rapid onset of symptoms is caused by:

A

blasts crowding the healthy cells of the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blasts usually make up what % of marrow cells?

A

1-5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What % of blast cells in the bone marrow is required for an acute leukemia diagnosis?

A

more than 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chronic leukemia is the proliferation of:

A

mature forms of WBC and onset is more gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chronic leukemia develops:

A

slowly and may take years to develop symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In chronic leukemia, cells are composed primarily of:

A

more mature and functional cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Myeloid leukemia cells include:

A

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lymphoid leukemia cells include:

A

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ionizing radiation, Benzene, previous exposure to chemotherapy, viral infections (e.g. human T-cell leukemia virus, Epstein Barr virus), and several genetic syndrome (e.g. down syndrome) are all causes of?

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

On rare occasions, leukemia can be diagnosed alone using:

A

histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

AML is characterized by the presence of

A

Auer rods on a peripheral smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Auer Rods are:

A

red staining, needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Labs used to diagnose leukemia:

A
  • Leukopenia or elevated abnormal WBC
  • Low RBCs
  • Thrombocytopenia or increased platelet count
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diagnostic procedures for leukemia:

A
  • Bone marrow aspiration biopsy (most definitive diagnostic)

* CXR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Some types of this cancer are not curable, but remission and control is feasible

A

leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Induction therapy is an attempt to

A

clear the blood and bone marrow of immature blood cells (called blast cells, or blasts) and bring about a complete remission, or complete response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

After induction therapy, the patient is rendered:

A

completely neutropenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How long does induction therapy take?

A

several weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

consolidation means cancer is:

A

cancer is in remission, treatment continues to catch any stray cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

consolidation may include:

A

radiation therapy, a stem cell transplant (a complication can be graft vs. host disease, can be deadly), or treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

consolidation therapy may also be called:

A

intensification therapy and remission therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Maintenance therapy is:

A

last stage, lower dosages, continued checking, lasts several years, CNS central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis. No cancer is there yet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

This kind of cancer is characterized by neoplasms of lymphoid tissue, and usually derived from B lymphocyte:

A

Lymphoma

32
Q

Lymphoma begins in the

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

Lymphoma can involve lymphoid tissue in the:

A

spleen, GI tract (e.g., the wall of the stomach), liver, or bone marrow

34
Q

the specific lymphocyte each type involves is the main difference between:

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

35
Q

This kind of lymphoma has POSITIVE Reed-Sternberg cells:

A

Hodgkin’s

36
Q

This kind of lymphoma has NEGATIVE Reed-Sternberg cells:

A

Non-Hodgkin’s

37
Q

This cancer makes up 4% of cancers in the US:

A

Lymphoma

38
Q

this variation of lymphoma is unpredictable and rare:

A

non-Hodgkin’s

39
Q

painless lymph node enlargement, hepatomegaly, neurologic symptoms w/CNS, B symptoms, and symptoms of mass involvement are symptoms of which variation of lymphoma:

A

Non-Hodgkins

40
Q

Procedures used to diagnose non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

A

MRI, LP, bone marrow biopsy

41
Q

treatments for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

A

interferon, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and HSCT

42
Q

This kind of lymphoma increases with age, with average age being 66 years:

A

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

43
Q

Risks for developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

A

Increased in autoimmune disorders , prior treatment for cancer, organ transplant, viral infections, exposure to pesticides

44
Q

Severe complications of non-hodgkin’s lymphoma include:

A

Febrile neutropenia

Hyperuricemia and tumor lysis syndrome

Spinal cord or brain compression

Focal compression depending on the location and type of NHL - airway obstruction (mediastinal lymphoma), intestinal obstruction and intussusception, ureteral obstruction

  • Superior or inferior vena cava obstruction
  • Hyperleukocytosis
  • Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma can cause hypercalcemia.
  • Pericardial tamponade
  • Hepatic dysfunction
  • DVT
45
Q

painless enlargement of cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes are manifestations of which variation of lymphoma

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

46
Q

Symptom’s of Hodgkin’s lymphoma include:

A

pruritus, B symptoms: fever, sweats, weight loss

47
Q

procedures used to diagnose Hodgkin’s lymphoma includ

A

CBC, bone marrow, lymph node biopsy, CT, Reed-Sternberg Cells

48
Q

What is a Reed-Sternberg cell?

A
  • a gigantic tumor cell that is unique and thought to be of immature lymphoid origin
  • Pathologic hallmark
49
Q

Treatment for Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

A

Chemotherapy, radiation, HSCT for advanced cases (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation)

50
Q

Malignant disease of the most mature form of B lymphocyte—the plasma cell:

A

Myeloma

51
Q

The etiology of this cancer is unknown

A

Myeloma

52
Q

This cancer has no cure

A

Myeloma

53
Q

Myeloma has a _ year survival rate:

A

5

54
Q

Clinical manifestations of myeloma include:

A

Fatigue and weakness due to anemia
• Easy bruising or bleeding
• Paleness
• Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes
• Frequent infections and poor healing from infection
• Bone pain, usually in the back and ribs
• Broken bones, often in the spine
• Feeling very thirsty
• Weight loss
• Nausea or constipation
• Frequent urination, or no urination at all over a longer period of time

55
Q

Treatment may include:

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HCST)

Chemotherapy and radiation

Corticosteroid

Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs)

Thalidomide analogs

Monoclonal antibody for this cancer:

A

Myeloma

56
Q

Acronym for hallmark signs of multiple myeloma:

A 
CRAB
C: calcium
R: renal
A: anemia
B: bone
57
Q

CRAB: Calcium

A

claim levels in blood are high
• Myeloma breaks down bone, causing
•releases calcium into the bloodstream causing hypercalcemia.
•Hypercalcemia = thirst, no appetite, nausea, constipation, confusion

58
Q

CRAB: Renal

A

Myeloma cells produce very high levels of abnormal protein
•Damages kidneys
•made worse by hypercalcemia

59
Q

CRAB: Anemia

A

Myeloma cells invade normal bone marrow
•Disrupt the manufacture of red blood cells
•This causes anemia which decreases oxygen supply to tissues
•Weakness, fatigue, SOB, rapid heartbeat, forgetful.

60
Q

CRAB: Bone

A

myeloma cells attack bones
•Causes holes and softening
•Bone pain, fractures or spinal cord compression (leads to numbness or even paralysis in extremities)

61
Q

Major complications of multiple myeloma:

A

Renal dysfunction
Tumor lysis syndrome
Infection
Bleeding/DIC

62
Q

What occurs with DIC:

A

the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive, leading to both thrombosis and hemorrhage

63
Q

What is tumor lysis syndrome?

A

tumor cells die quickly, and intracellular contents are dumped into the bloodstream overwhelming the kidneys

64
Q

Tumor-lysis syndrome causes:

A

dangerously high serum levels of potassium, phosphorus, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen

65
Q

Causes of neutropenia:

A

decrease production of neutrophils and increased destruction of neutrophils

66
Q

Whats causes decreased production of neutrophils?

A 
◦Aplastic anemia, due to medications or toxins
◦Chemotherapy
◦Metastatic cancer, lymphoma, leukemia
◦Myelodysplastic syndromes
◦Radiation therapy
67
Q

What causes increased destruction of neutrophils?

A 
◦Bacterial infections
◦Hypersplenism
◦Immunologic disorders
◦Medication induced
◦Viral disease
68
Q

Nursing diagnosis/problems to look for with cancer patients:

A
  • Risk for infection and/or bleeding
  • Impaired oral mucous membrane
  • Imbalanced nutrition and fluid volume
  • Acute pain
  • Fatigue and activity intolerance
  • Risk for imbalanced fluid volume
  • Self-care deficits due to fatigue
  • Anxiety
  • Risk for spiritual distress and knowledge deficit
69
Q

Ways to prevent infection in leukemia patients:

A

private room/isolation
strict handwashing
strict aseptic technique for all dressing changes
no flowers
observe for any signs of infection
maintain appropriate signage
PPE for neutropenic patient visitors/staff (gloves, gown)
No fresh or raw food/veggies/fruits (risk of bacteria from food infecting patient due to neutropenia)

70
Q

Philadelphia chromosome forms when:

A

chromosomes 9 and chromosome 22 break and exchange portions

71
Q

90% of Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients have

A

Philadelphia chromosome

72
Q

an abnormally small chromosome 22 and a new combination DNA instruction occurs in the:

A

Philadelphia chromosome

73
Q

hypercalcemia is caused by

A

multiple myeloma

74
Q

hypercalcemia makes patients experience

A

extreme thirst

75
Q

monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory drugs, and thalidomide drugs are

A

new drugs being used for multiple myeloma

Med Surg (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions