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Y4: Urology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

risk factors for bladder SCC?

A

schistosomiasis

smoking

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2
Q

T/F: benign bladder tumours are common

A

false - uncommon

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3
Q

> 90% of bladder malignancies are what subtype?

A

TCC

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4
Q

presentation of bladder cancer?

A

painless macroscopic haematuria

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5
Q

investigation for histological diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer?

A

cystoscopy and biopsy or TURBT

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6
Q

Ix in bladder cancer for

1) determining locoregional spread
2) distance disease
3) investigating nodes of uncertain significance

A

1) MRI
2) CT
3) PET CT

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7
Q

risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?

A

smoking
alanine dyes e.g. 2-naphthylamine and benzidine
rubber manufacture
cyclophosphamide

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8
Q

commonest cancer in adult males in the UK?

A

prostate

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9
Q

risk factors for prostate cancer?

A

age
afro-carribean ethnicity
obesity
FH

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10
Q

presentation of prostate cancer?

A

Early: few symptoms (periphery affected)

bladder outlet obstruction: hesitancy, urinary retention
haematuria, haematospermia
pain: back, perineal or testicular

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11
Q

PR exam in prostate cancer?

A

asymmetrical, hard, nodular enlargement with loss of median sulcus

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12
Q

1st line investigation for suspected prostate cancer?

A

multiparametric MRI

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13
Q

complications of TRUS biopsy?

A

sepsis
pain
fever
haematuria and rectal bleeding

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14
Q

treatment of metastatic prostate cancer?

A

GnRH agonist e.g. Goserelin (Zoladex)
Anti-androgen e.g. cyproterone acetate
Orchidectomy

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15
Q

when starting treatment with Goserelin in prostate cancer, what drug do you need to cover with at first?

A

anti-androgen (to prevent rise in testosterone - ‘flare’)

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16
Q

T/F: a prostate cancer screening program exists within the UK

A

false - men allowed to make informed choice

17
Q

around ___% of men with prostate cancer have a normal PSA

A

20

18
Q

causes of raised PSA?

A 
prostate cancer
BPH
prostatitis and UTI
ejaculation in prev 48hr
vigorous exercise in prev 48hr
urinary retention
instrumentation in the urinary tract 
?PR exam
19
Q

commonest type of primary renal neoplasm?

A

RCC (hypernephroma)

20
Q

commonest histological subtype of RCC?

A

clear cell

21
Q

RCC associations

1) more common in what demographic?
2) lifestyle factor?
3) __ ___ syndrome
4) tuberous ____

A

1) middle-aged males
2) smoking
3) von Hippel-Lindau
4) sclerosis

22
Q

Presentation of RCC? (inc classical triad)

A

Triad: haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass
Pyrexia
Left varicocele
Endocrine effects: EPO, PTH, renin, ACTH

23
Q

RCC may present with varicocele on which side? why?

A

left sided- occlusion of left testicular vein

24
Q

__% of RCC patient’s have metastases at presentation

A

25

25
Q

What is Stauffer syndrome? who does it occur in?

A

RCC

paraneoplastic hepatic dysfunction syndrome- cholestasis/ hepatosplenomegaly.

26
Q

commonest malignancy in men aged 20-30?

A

testicular cancer

27
Q

around 95% of testicular cancers are what subtypes?

A

Germ cell

28
Q

sub-divisions of germ cell tumours?

A

Seminoma

Non-seminoma: embryonal, teratoma, yolk sac, choriocarcinoma

29
Q

Non germ-cell testicular tumours?

A

Leydig cell tumour

sarcoma

30
Q

risk factors for germ cell tumours?

A 
infertility 
cryptorchidism
family history
Klinefelter's syndrome
mumps orchitis
31
Q

presentation of testicular cancer?

A

painless testicular lump
hydrocele
gynaecomastia

32
Q

___ is elevated in around 60% of germ cell tumours

___ is elevated in around 40%

A

AFP

LDH

33
Q

seminoma: ___ may be elevated in around 20%

A

HCG

34
Q

first line investigation for testicular cancer?

A

testicular USS

35
Q

T/F: prognosis is generally poor in testicular cancer

A

false- excellent

36
Q

PSA test should be postponed how long following prostatitis/ UTI

A

1 month

37
Q

why might gynaecomastia occur in testicular tumours?

A

increased oestrogren:androgen ratio

Germ-cell tumours → hCG → Leydig cell dysfunction → relative increase in oestradiol production

Leydig cell tumours → directly secrete more oestradiol and convert additional androgen precursors to oestrogens

Y4: Urology (6 decks)

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