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MCD > Cancer 1: Ceullular pathology of cancer > Flashcards

Cancer 1: Ceullular pathology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of metaplasia?

A
  • reversible change in which one adult cell type (usually epithelial) is replaced by another adult cell type
  • adaptive
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2
Q

What is the definition of dysplasia?

A
  • an abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present
  • pre-invasive stage with intact basement membrane
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3
Q

What are the features of dysplasia?

A
  • loss of architectural orientation
  • loss in uniformity of individual cells
  • nuclei: hyperchromatic, enlarged
  • mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in places where not usually found
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4
Q

What is dysplasia common in?

A
  • cervix (HPV infection)
  • bronchus (smoking)
  • colon (UC)
  • larynx (smoking)
  • stomach (pernicious anaemia)
  • oesophagus (acid reflux)
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5
Q

What is the definition of a malignancy?

A

-abnormal autonomous proliferation of cells unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms

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6
Q

What is the definition of a neoplasia?

A

-any new growth, benign or malignant

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7
Q

What is the definition of a tumour?

A

-swelling

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8
Q

What are the differences in benign tumours compared to malignant ones?

A
  • do not invade and do not metastasise
  • encapsulated
  • usually well differentiated
  • slowly growing
  • normal mitoses
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9
Q

When can benign tumours be fatal?

A
  • in dangerous locations e.g. meninges, pituitary
  • secretes something dangerous e.g. insulinoma
  • gets infected e.g. bladder
  • bleeds e.g. stomach
  • ruptures e.g. liver adenoma
  • torts e.g. ovarian cyst
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10
Q

What defines malignant tumours?

A
  • invade surrounding tissues
  • spread to distant sites
  • no capsule
  • well to poorly differentiated
  • rapidly growing
  • abnormal mitoses
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11
Q

What is the definition of metastasis?

A
  • discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells at some distance from the primary cancer
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12
Q

What does the metastasis depend on?

A
  • lymphatic and vascular drainage of the primary site

- lymph node involvement has a worse prognosis e.g. colon

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13
Q

What are the nomenclature of tumours?

A
  • benign epithelial tumours
  • carcinoma
  • benign soft tissue tumours
  • sarcoma
  • leukemia and lymphoma
  • teratoma
  • hamartoma
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14
Q

What are benign epithelial tumours of the surface and gland called?

A
  • surface epithelium - papilloma

- glandular epithelium - adenoma

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15
Q

What is the definition of a carcinoma?

A

-malignant tumour derivied from epithelium

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16
Q

What types of cells can carcinomas arise from?

A
  • squamous cell
  • adenocarcinoma
  • transitional cell
  • basal cell carcinoma
17
Q

What is the definition of sarcoma?

A

-malignant tumour derivied from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells

18
Q

What are the different types of sarcoma called?

A 
fat= liposarcoma 
bone= osteosarcoma
cartilage = chondrosarcoma 
muscle striated = rhabdomyosarcoma 
smooth= leiomyosarcoma 
nerve sheath = malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour
19
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

a malignant tumour of bone marrow derivied cells which circulate in the blood

20
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

a malignant tumour of lymphocytes usually in lymph nodes

21
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

-tumour derived from germ cells, which have the potential to develop into tumours of all 3 germ cells layers

  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
22
Q

What are gondal teratomas in females and males?

A
  • all males are malignant

- most females are benign

23
Q

What is hamartoma?

A
  • localised overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ
  • cells are mature but architechture abnormal
  • common in children and should stop growing when they do
  • e.g. bile duct hamartomas, bronchial hamartomas
24
Q

WHat is a benign tumour of glandular tissue?

A
  • adenoma
  • leiomyoma
  • adenocarcinoma
  • squamous papilloma
  • lymphoma
25
Q

WHat is a malignant tumour from soft tissue?

A
  • carcinoma
  • sarcoma
  • teratoma
  • lymphoma
  • melanoma
26
Q

How are tumours differentiated?

A

-graded and staged

look for normal production of keratin, mucin, bile and hormones

27
Q

How do the grading systems differ?

A

there are various grading systems for Ca breast, prostate and colon

-no differentiation = anaplastic carcinoma

28
Q

What is TNM?

A

-tumour, node, metastasis

  • grade describes the degree of differentiation
  • stage describes how far it has spread

stage is more important

MCD (13 decks)

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