Canadian Studies Final Flashcards
Who are the Indigenous peoples of Canada?
The First peoples native to Canada before French and British colonization.
Who are the three main groups of Indigenous peoples in Canada?
- First Nations
- Métis
- Inuit
From whom did the Métis descend from?
First Nation’s women and European men.
Who was Louis Riel?
A Métis resistor and the last person to be publicly executed in Canada in Regina, Saskatchewan. He represented the French during the Red River Resistance and the Northwest Resistance.
Which group of Indigenous peoples make up more than half the population of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut?
The Inuit.
How many numbered treaties are there in Canada?
There are 11 numbered treaties.
Where did the first European settlers in Canada come from?
They came from France.
Why did the early explorers first come to Atlantic Canada?
The first explorers were looking for a northwest passage to Asia for trade. The French made many voyages back afterward in order to collect Cod fish off the coast of Newfoundland with baskets.
Who is Jacques Cartier?
He was a French explorer from St. Malo who set out to find a northwest passage to Asia.
When was Cartier’s first voyage to North America, and what was the reason for the voyage?
His fist voyage to North America was in 1534, where he came ashore at Gaspe peninsula, claiming the land in the name of the French king.
Who did Jacques Cartier meet during his first voyage to North America?
Cartier met Donnacona, an Iroquis chief who was angry that Cartier attempted to claim land that was already settled upon. Donnaconna was convinced by Cartier to send his two sons over to France to learn the language and act as translators upon return.
What were the names of Donnaconna’s sons?
Domagaya and Taignoagny.
When was Cartier’s second voyage to North America and what was the reason for the voyage?
His second voyage was in 1535, where Cartier voyaged up the St. Lawrence river to the Iroquis village of Stadacona and then the Iroquis community of Hochelaga.
What happened upon Cartier’s second return to France from North America?
His ship got stuck in the ice, which caused him and his men to suffer a harsh winter. Many of his men died of scurvy, but some of the men were saved by Donnaconna’s sons, who made a tea made of cedar leaves and bark. Cartier ended up taking Donnaconna and several First Nations with him to France.
When was Cartier’s third voyage to North America and what was the reason for the voyage?
Cartier’s final voyage to North America was in 1541, where he had instructions to begin a French colony. The French king was motivated by promises of gold and passage to Asia, so he financed the voyage. The fort of Charlesbourg-Royal was built and yielded disastrous consequences.
What happened to Donnaconna after Cartier’s return to France.
He died of European diseases in France.
What happened to Cartier’s voyage upon their last visit to North America?
Many died from scurvy, attacked by the Iroquis, and suffered the harsh Canadian winter. Plans of colonization were dropped upon Cartier’s return to France in the spring. Fishermen and fur traders were the only ones to visit North America for the next sixty years.
Who was Samuel de Champlain, why did he sail to North America, and what was the result of his voyage?
He built a fort at Québec in 1608 to find a location away from the competition of the fur trade as beaver hats were France’s new fashion trend. 27 of Champlain’s men stayed during the winter and only 8 survived the voyage.
What were the relations between the French and the Huron and Algonquin?
The two peoples wanted the French to attack the Iroquis by shooting the Iroquis chiefs with their arquebus. The French became allies with the two peoples sealed in blood, and enemies of the remaining Iroquis.
What was the first interaction between the fur traders and the First Nations?
While drying and salting fish for preservation on the North American shore, fur traders first came into contact with Native peoples where they traded food and furs for the European’s knives, needles, mirrors, and anything metallic.
Who was sent from England to settle the St. Lawrence river?
David Kirke.
What role did the Huron play during the fur trade?
They acted as middlemen, buying furs from native peoples living around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence and sell them to the French.
What caused the Huron population to be destroyed?
The abundance of furs became depleted, competition between the Huron and Iroquis transpired, and their existing arrangements became their sole participation in the trade.
Who were the Coureurs de Boi?
They were those who participated in the fur trade without French authorization, and they learned the ways of the woods from First Nations.
Who established the Hudon’s Bay Company?
King Charles II issued a charter to Prince Rupert that created the Hudson’s Bay company and a land claim lasting 100 years.
What was the Northwest Company?
It was a major French trading company that was absorbed by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821.
What three steps were taken by the government of New France to encourage settlement and when did this happen?
Happened in 1672:
- Make New France safe from Iroquis attacks
- Make New France attractive to settlers
- Encourage early marriages and large families
What was the result of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham?
On September 13th, 1769, James Wolfe’s men positioned themselves fifty meters below cliffs, and trekked a goat path to attack Marquis de Montcalm. Wolfe died minutes after learning of his victory, and Montcalm died the day after his loss. The citizens of New France felt France had abandoned them.
Who was James Murray?
He was the former governor of New France from 1760-1763. He was recalled as he ignored the democratic rights of French citizens and views the hierarchical and aristocratic ways of the church more stable than demands for democracy.
Who was Sir Guy Carleton?
He was concerned that the discontent of the thirteen colones would spill into Québec and annoyed by constant bickering from British merchants.
When was the Québec Act and what did it guarantee?
The Québec Act of 1774 guaranteed French language rights and made it that Roman Catholics could take place in government. The act reinstated French property to civilians.
Who were the United Empire Loyalists?
The Loyalists were those who were loyal to Great Britain after the Thirteen Colonies waged war for independence from 1776-1783 and won. Many Loyalists migrated to British North America.
What was the Constitution Act of 1791?
This separated British North America into Upper Canada and Lower Canada, the two peoples that the act recognized were French and English.
Who was Isaac Brock?
He was the head of the Canadian Army during the War of 1812, which began on July 12th, and decided to go on the offensive instead of wait for another American invasion of Upper Canada. Brock was assisted by Tecumseh, the leader of the Shawnee First Nations. On August 24th, 1814, Canadian raided Washington and burned the White House.
What was the Treaty of Ghent?
The treaty formally ended the war, and no side gained territory.
Who was the leader of the reform movement in Upper Canada, and who was leader of the reform movement in Lower Canada?
William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau. The rebellions were defeated in 1838. They sook political asylum in the United States.
Who was Lord Durham?
He was sent across seas to recommend solutions to the issues that sparked the rebellions. He called for a more responsible government that would be more responsive to the wishes of the majority assembly. The problem was the division between the French and the English, and Durham recommended the two Canada’s become one colony. He believed in British superiority.
What was the Act of Union?
The act inited Upper Canada and Lower Canada into one colony in 1841. Britain provided equal representation for the French and English, but Canada West and East voted against each other and caused a halt.
What is the Canadian Constitution and when did it occur?
Formally known as the British North America Act, the Constitution Act of 1867 was enacted to unite Canada as one nation out of negotiation and not violence.
Which four Canadian provinces first formed confederation?
- Ontario
- Québec
- Nova Scotia
- New Brunswick
Which was the last province to join Canada?
Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949.
When is Canada Day and what does it celebrate?
Canada is July 1st, and celebrates Canada’s birthday - the day confederation was enacted.
