๐๐Canadian Geo1โฃ-9๏ธโฃ๐๐ Flashcards
The outward expansion of urban centers to nearby boundary areas, including farmland.
Urban sprawl
A place where people could live, work, and shop without ever having to get in their car
Complete cities
Traffic congestion in Canadaโs nine biggest cities costs the economy ______ dollars in delays, wasted fuel, and gas emissions
3.7 billion dollars
Noxious mixture of air pollution
Smog
What is another name for Canadaโs headland?
The Golden Horseshoe
Environmentally conscious ways of constructing buildings
Green technologies
The growth trend and increasing numbers of people living in cities
Urbanization
What are the three largest cities in Canada and what percentages of the population do they make up?
Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver
Home to 35% of Canadians
200-800 people (ex:Greenspond)
Village
Identify the 6 types of land uses
- residential land:
- Transportation land:
- Commercial land:
- Industrial land:
- Institutional land:
- Open space and recreational land:
What was the cause for the growth of the Western Canada
The growth of western Canada is due to the natural systems. Western Canada gave rise to many ports and trading posts. Had a moderate climate and an abundance of fish stocks. Also had good forests for the forestry.
List 4 characteristics of smart growth urban planning
- mix land use: put homes, stores, and services within walking distance
- provide a variety of transportation choices
- create places for safe walking, biking
- protect green space
area with at least 1000 people and a population density of at least 400/km2
Population centres
greater than 10โ000 people (ex:St.Johns)
City
Concept that involved plans for urban expansion that also preserve the natural environment
Smart growth
Things Countries with the smallest ecological footprint have in common:
- Are developing countries
- Located in lower latitudes
- Relatively densely populated
- High fertility rates
- Limited medical service
- Low literacy rates
Things Countries with the larges ecological footprint have in common:
- Are highly developed
- Are predominantly English speaking
- Are in middle latitudes
- Are consumer based communities
- Are demographic
- Have low fertility rates
- Have excellent medical service
- Have high literacy rates
Why are green belts important
- insures environment management and conservation of natural resources
- they provide prime farmland to local farmers
- contain freshwater sources
- contain a number of Canadaโs endangered animal species
List 5 factors that make up ecological footprint
- water use
- transportation use
- how much moneys you spend
- how much garbage your create
- how much living space you have
With the _______ census, Statistics Canada created the term population center, to more specifically define urban areas
2011
Land found in urban areas that is protected from development
Greenbelt
is a term that geographers and planners use to identify the different areas that people use to work, shop, play, and go to school
Land use
Vancouver, Montreal, and Toronto are home to ______% of Canadaโs population
35%
Gradual increase in wealth that can be invested in new development
Accumulation of capital
What is the CMA with the largest population in Canada
Toronto
About ____% of nitrogen oxides that lead to the formation of smog is produced when we burn fuels in our cars, trucks, generate energy, etc.
95%
Why is the Golden horseshoe a popular place
The Golden horseshoe is a popular place for settlement because it has access to the waterways of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. This made a good transportation route and good trade route. Also had hospitable climate and rich soils
What is the fastest growing CMA in Canada
Calgary, Alberta
What rural place in NL had a 40.6% increase in population between 2006 and 2011
Paradise
The process of communicating electronically to work
Telecommuting
Distinguish between the terms rural and urban
Rural are places with low population densities and urban are places with high population densities and more crammed
The movement to reform the design of physical communities
New urbanism
Population centres are divided into three categories state them and how many people they each have
- Small: between 1000 and 29โ999 people
- Medium: between 30โ000 and 99โ999 people
- Large: 100โ000 or more
fewer than 200 people (ex:Swift current)
Hamlet
What are the opportunities and challenges of living in a resource-based community
A few opportunities of living in a resource-based community include many employment opportunities and other business opportunities. But a challenge of living in resource base communities is there is little accumulation of capital and if the resource runs out there are no longer any jobs
Why is the Golden Horseshoe known as Canadaโs heartland?
Because of the economic and industrial activity
1โ000-10โ000 people (ex:new Wes valley)
Town
The amount of the earthโs resources it takes to support your lifestyle, measured in hectares
Ecological footprint
greater than 100โ000 people
Census Metropolis Area (CMA)
What percentages of Canadians choose to live in large population centers?
81%
How many people live in the Golden Horseshoe
8.5 million
An estimated _____ Canadians hit the road everyday to go to work
10 million
When was confederation
1867
Immigration - emigration
Net migration
About ____% of aboriginals are Inuit
5%
What provinces have the highest growth rate in Canada
Yukon and Alberta
What is the major source of data for constructing population pyramids
A census which is usually taken every five years
What are the six factors of interest for the points system
- Education
- official language proficiency
- work experience
- age
- a prearranged employment in Canada
- adaptability
The population density of Canada is _____ per km
About 3.68 people
Between ______and ______ Canadaโs population doubled
1891 and 1921
What class do most immigrants who come to Canada come in as and what percentage are they
66.6% immigrants come in Canada in the business class
Formula for rate of natural increase
BR - DR /10 = rate of natural increase
Why did Europeans begin to explore lands across the Atlantic Ocean? What advances made this possible?
In 1453, overland routes to Asia were closed cuz da Turks captured Istanbul so they had to find a way to travel on seas. This was made possible by advances in shipbuilding, and navigational techs!
Who and when was the first French explorer to settle near st.Lawrence?
In 1541, Jacques Cartier
The measure of the number of people who live in a certain place at a specific time
Population
Most of Canadaโs population growth is due to ______
Immigration
Describe an expanding population pyramid
- Triangular pyramid shape
- linked to lower standards of living, least developed countries
- high birth rate due to poor birth control
- high death rate due to poor medicinal care
- greater percentage of population in the youth category
Which province has the lowest population density
NWT
In ______, Samuel to Champlain, French explorer, sailed up the St. Lawrence River and claimed the territory for France
1603
A large variety of different kinds of things
Diversity
In ________, John Cabot discovered NA
1497
descendants of European fur traders and aboriginal peoples who settle in the interior lowlands
Metis
Is the measure of how concentrated a population is in a certain area
Population density
The numerical study of the characteristics, trends, and issues of a population
Demography
a land that is legally owned by the government but has been set aside for the aboriginal people.
Reserve
Newfoundland the remained a self-governing colony until ______
1949
In ________, New France was established by Champlain
1608
Describe a contractive population pyramid
- Low birth rate
- low death rate
- small youth base
- well developed country
- longer life expectancy
- consists of greying population
About _______ loyalists settled in the Atlantic provinces, including 300 free black loyalists in Nova Scotia
30โ000
What region is referred to by the term Acadia?
Nova Scotia, PEI, a part of Nova Scotia
somewhat like a test used to evaluate applicants have the necessary characteristics to settle successfully in Canada
Point system
Approximately ____% of aboriginals are Metis
30%
A federal organization whose members carry out population research
Statistics Canada
Formula for actual change
AC= (B+I) - (D+E)
What are the factors for the point system
6: Education Official language proficiency Work experience Age Prearranged employment in Canada Adaptibility
Identify the main cites to which people are migrating into Canada
Toronto
Montreal
Vancouver
Why does Alberta have the highest in migration than any other province
- experiencing an economic boom because of oil sands
- no provincial deficit
- no sales tax
The max number of points and emigrant can get is _____ and the passing mark is _____
100 and 67
A policy that encourages cultural diversity and respect for cultural diversity within a country
Multiculturalism
Who are responsible for handling immigrant matter?
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC)
Which province has the highest population density
PIE
The worldโs population is _____
7 billion
Toronto is home to ________% of all immigrants to Canada
40%
What is the most populated country in the world
Monaco
The term First Nations began in ____ to replace the term of Indian
1970s
In _______ the British took control of Canada after the 7 years war
1763
Describe a stationary population pyramid
- Half an ellipse shape
- low birth rate
- Low death rates
- highlife expectancy
- high standards of living
- youth population is about equal to reproductive age group
- adequate number of labor force to support both younger and older populations
- example Canada
- developed countries
The country that has the worldโs largest population is ______ with ______ people
China with 1.4 billion people
How often do censuses happen
Every 5 years
term that refers to the aboriginal people who live in Canadaโs arctic regions
Inuit
The act of making difference the same
Assimilation
All the Maritime provinces that were owned by France. Newfoundland, PEI, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick
Acadia
In _______, New France was established by Champlain in what is now Quebec city
1608
The aspects of immigrant cultures that are brought to Canada and that enrich the Canadian cultural landscape
Cultural imprints
What is the formula for calculating birth rates
B
โ X 1000
TP
For every 1000 people
In _____, __________ decided that the colony needed more help. He arranged for more French settlers to come to new friends, including 1000 women
1665, jean talon
What is the most populated city in the world?
Tokyo with more people than Canada!
Canadaโs current population is _____
33.5 million people
How was Franceโs approach to transatlantic fishery different form Britainโs?
France was more interested in strengthening its position in NA by permanently colonizing the region.
Canada represents over ______ ethnic origins
200
term that refers to a distinct group of aboriginal people who share the same culture and history
First Nation
What functions to statistics Canada preform
- Collects all sorts of info about Canadians in order to from a picture of the nation
- is responsible for the national census
Challenges that prevent an immigrant from getting into another country
Intervening obstacles
One of the first explorers, ___________ set sail in _______ and discovered Newfoundland
Zuan caboto (juan cabot), 1497
Moving from place to place inside a country
Internal migration
What is Canadaโs birth and death rate
Birth: 11.3 for every 1000 people
Death: 7.3 for every 1000 people
What is the formula used for finding out the population density
Population
__________
Land mass (in km)
Largest city in Canada is_______
Toronto
What is the formula for calculating natural change
Births - deaths = natural change
the history, knowledge, and stories that heave been passed down through generations through talk
Oral traditions
When did the seven years war happen
1755 and 1763
What s Canadaโs population at time of confederation
1867: about 3.5 million
Lines that look like Contour lines that show air pressure distribution
Isobars
The act of fish laying their eggs and weโre producing offspring
Spawning
The water that runs off the lands in rivers and lakes
Run off
Plant life
Fauna
Name Canadaโs 5 drainage basins
Arctic Pacific Hudson Bay Atlantic Gulf of Mexico
Describe the 3 types of pollution
Biological pollution
- bacteria and algae that enter lakes, rivers
- sewage from cities and towns are the largest source
- solved by reducing sewage from entering water supplies (sewage treatment plants)
Physical pollution
- least harmful but most obvious
- floating garbage, paper, tin cans, etc.
- these are easily seen and clean-up and prevention is simple
Chemical pollution
- most dangerous
- dumping of poisonous chemicals into rivers and lakes
Clean-up: there are two problems
- not able to completely stop chemicals from reaching water supplies
- do not have technology to clean it up once itโs in the water
Describe the boreal coniferous forest natural vegetation biome
the northern forests that cover most of Canada. Newfoundland is mainly boreal forests. Characteristics: - cold winters but warm summers - moderate amounts of precipitation - consists of coniferous and deciduous
The plants that are native to an area rather than those that have been planted or grown by people
Natural vegetation
The distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
Latitude
Describe the deciduous forests natural vegetation biome
forests that consist mostly of trees that lose their leaves in the winter
Characteristics:
- warm summers and winters
- moderate to high amounts of precipitation
- trees lose their leaves in the winter
Describe the mountain climate region
Temps and precipitation vary greatly
Canada is the main one system that blows from west to east
Westerlies
Describe the lower lakes climate region
Cool winter, hot summer, moderate precipitation
Improving our quality of life while using natural resources wisely so that they last and are available for future generations
Sustainable development
Describe the mixed forests natural vegetation biome
forest that acts as a transition, deciduous forests to coniferous forest Characteristics: - warm summers, cold winters - lots of precipitation - mix of coniferous and deciduous trees
Describe the mountain forests natural vegetation biome
forests that are found in mountainous regions where altitudes and soil conditions play a role in what can grow.
Characteristics:
-mixed forests in lower altitudes, then boreal, then tundra in high places
-altitude influences temperature range
-lack of good soil can be an issue on steep slopes
List and describe 4 reasons why salmon are disappearing in British Columbia
- global warming: warm ocean temps affect salmon causing them to breathe harder and tire out
- pollution of salmon streams and coastal waters: swage from towns, industrial waste, and garbage pollute the salmonโs habitat
- overfishing: killing too many salmon could affect their population and could lead to extinction
- habitat loss: salmonโs habitats are getting destroyed due to pollution, clear cutting, and salmon have nowhere to go
A community of plants and animals that interact with one another and with their physical environment
Ecosystem
Describe the tundra natural vegetation biome
land where it's too cold for trees to grow Characteristics: - no trees - found in far north - there will be grass and shrubs
chemicals that are added to soil to kill pests that compete with farm crops
Pesticides
Describe the prairie climate region
Cold winter, hot summer, dry
nutrients that are artificially added to the soil by farmers
Fertilizers
A fast-moving body of air at high altitudes the stairs weather systems and storms from east to west
Polar jetstream
Tools, machinery, and knowledge developed from human ingenuity and scientific advances
Technology
A climate to type with a wide any will range of temperature and low precipitation, influenced by its location away from the moderating influence of an ocean
Continental climates
Interconnecting networks, such as roads and rail lines, that move people and goods
Transportation system
Explain how systems thinking is the answer to living harmoniously with nature
- used to help us make better decisions as we work to create safer and healthier environments
- can help us to protect natural systems and to use resources so they last in the future
How much of the worldโs fresh water is located in Canada
9%
A system found in nature
Natural system
decayed remains of plants and animal life
Humus
the soil that is found in areas covered by forests with cool moist climates
Podzols
A locking method that involves cleaning an area of all itโs trees at one time
Clear cutting
When two or more parts work together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of its parts
Synergy
All the water and moisture on earth in all its forms
Hydrosphere
Electro magnetic energy radiation from the sun rant can cause damage to the skin and eyes
Ultraviolet radiation
How much of the fresh water on earth is in ice caps and glaciers
69%
Name Canadaโs 5 drainage basins
Arctic Pacific Hudson Bay Atlantic Gulf of Mexico
The structures or networks of basic services needed for the functioning of the community or economy
Infrastructure
A wet, moderate climate to type that is influenced by the closeness of an ocean
Maritime climate
How much of surface water are lakes
87%
Describe the temperate rainforest natural vegetation biome
area of large coniferous trees found In British Columbia Characteristics: - high amounts of precipitation - warm all year round - very big trees
An area of land that drains into a particular river system or body of water
Watershed
The natural system that involves the circulation of water through the atmosphere and the oceans. Also called hydrologic cycle
Water cycle
Describe the composition / parts of soil
1) air: necessary because plants need air around them
2) water: plants need water to grow, and also to help break down the minerals and humus
3) humus: decayed remains of plants and animal life
4) minerals: broken down rock particles that form either sand, loam or clay. They contain the nutrients that plant need to grow
Describe the Atlantic climate region
Cold winter, cool summer, moderate precipitation
The area of land from which all water received as precipitation flows to a particular ocean
Drainage basin
And natural boundary of altitude or latitude were trees can no longer grow
Tree line
At what speeds to polar jet streams blow at
300-500
How much of earthโs water is fresh water
3%
A thin layer of gases that surround the earth
Atmosphere
The layer of earth in which plant and animal life evolve
Biosphere
A place where the water table is at ground level
Ex: swamps, bog, marsh
Wetlands
The earthโs crust and the uppermost part of the underlying mantle consisting of rocks, minerals, and soil
Lithosphere
grassland soil rich in organic materials
Chernozems
A huge body of air with the same temperature and moisture conditions throughout
Airmass
Describe the grassland natural vegetation biome
land that is covered by grass because itโs too dry to support larger plants
Characteristics:
- dry
- warm
- at risk biome, only 1/4 of Canadaโs natural grasslands still exist
Into which 3 drainage basins does the precipitation that falls onto the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains flow
Arctic
Gulf of Mexico
Hudson Bay
The atmosphere is made up of 78.09% _______
Nitrogen
The atmosphere is made up of 0.93% ________
Argon
Water found beneath the earthโs surface in spaces in soil and bedrock
Ground water
State the impact of the Coriolis force
The earthโs rotation on its axis causes winds in the northern hemisphere to be deflected to the right and winds in the southern to be deflected in the left
Regular predictable, normal wind direction for a given area or region
Prevailing winds
The process of decompositions and regeneration in nature
Decay cycle
Part of the world that experiences four seasons located in latitude from 40 to 60ยฐ north and south of the equator
Temperate
A person who studies and forecasts weather
Meteorologist
Describe the pacific climate region
Mild winter, warm summer, heavy precipitation
Something that is continuously changing
Dynamic
A narrow place of high land, such as the top of a mountain range, that separates one drainage basin from another
Drainage divide
They are features like fungi that eat and recycle natureโs waste material
Decomposers
The ability to think and act based on an understanding of how the parts of a whole system interact and are interdependent
Systems thinking
The atmosphere is made up of _______ Carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, methane, krypton, neon, ozone, xenon, and water vapor
0.03%
A layer of porous rock under the earthโs surface that can store large quantities of water that can be trapped by drilling as well
Aquifers
A species that plays an important role in maintaining the function of the ecosystem
Keystone species
A set of parts that together form an interconnected whole
System
A cross section of different layers in the soil and rock below the soil and their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
Soil profile
Integrated activities, such as manufacturing and transporting, that produce and deliver goods and services
Economic system
