Camtasia Lectures: Pulmonary anatomy

Question 1

What are the components of respiratory system?

Answer 1

Bony thorax, muscles of ventilation, upper and lower airways, pulmonary circulation

Question 2

What is function of pulmonary system?

Answer 2

Gas exchange, fluid exchange, filtration, metabolism

Question 3

What are the structures involved in ventilation?

Answer 3

Bony thorax: sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly, ribs laterally, vertebrae posteriorly, open superiorly, diaphragm forms the inferior wall

Ribs: protect organs, dynamic body lever system for ventilation, pump handle, bucket handle

Question 4

What primary inspiratory muscle of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Diaphragm

Question 5

How does diaphragm play a role in inspiration?

Answer 5

Maintains dome shape until abdominals end their extensibility.
Fibers contract to elevate and push outward the lower ribs and push sternum and upper ribs up and forward

Question 6

What are the parts of the diaphragm?

Answer 6

Right hemidiaphragm: has more resistance (liver vs. stomach)

Left hemidiaphragm

Question 7

What effects the level of the diaphragm?

Answer 7

the depth of ventilation and body position

Question 8

What is movement of diaphragm when your body is in different positions?

Answer 8

Supine: hemidiaphragms rest high and inspiratory excursion greatest
Upright: Level and excursion is intermediate (between supine and sitting)
Sitting: Lower level and excursion smaller
Sidelying: Uppermost side drops to lower level and has less excursion than in sitting. Lowermost sides rises to higher level and has greater excursion than in sitting

Question 9

How much does the diaphragm move during sitting and max effort?

Answer 9

Moves 2/3 inch in quiet sitting; 2.5-4 inches with max effort

Question 10

What are the accessory inspiratory muscles?

Answer 10

External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostals
SCM
Scalenes
Trapezius
Pectoralis major and minor
Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus posterior
Quadratus limborum
Iliocostalis

Question 11

What muscles are used during quiet inspiration and quiet expiration?

Answer 11

Inspiration: diaphragm is main one, external intercostals, interchondral portions of internal intercostals

Expiration: elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic cage, abdominal muscles

Question 12

What are muscles used during forced inspiration and expiration?

Answer 12

Inspiration: diaphragm is main one, external intercostals, interchondral portions of internal intercostals, SCM, scalenes, levator costarum, serratus posterior superior

Expiration: elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic cage; abdominal muscles; active contraction of rectus abdominis, IO, EO; internal intercostal muscles, serratus posterior inferior

Question 13

What are blood vessels of the lungs?

Answer 13

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Left pulmonary artery is attached to arch of aorta by ligamentum arteriosum

Right pulmonary artery crosses under the arch of the aorta to reach right lung.

Question 14

What are innervation of the lungs?

Answer 14

Parasympathetic fibers: supplied by preganglionic fibers from vagal nuclei via vagus nerve to ganglia around bronchi and vessels
Postganglionic fibers innervate bronchial and vascular muscles

Question 15

What happens when vagus nerve is stimulated?

Answer 15

Bronchial constriction, dilation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and increased glandular secretion

Question 16

What happens when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

Answer 16

Bronchial relaxation, constriction of smooth muscle and decreased glandular secretion

Question 17

What is pleura?

Answer 17

Thin serous sack that surrounds each lung

Question 18

What are the types of pleura?

Answer 18

Visceral (pulmonary) pleura: covers each lung

Parietal pleura: lines wall of pleural cavities that surround the lung

Question 19

What is the serous fluid?

Answer 19

Thin film that fills the pleural cavity
Less than 20 ml of fluid
Keeps the two membranes close together with very little friction or sound

Question 20

What is the hilum?

Answer 20

(= root of the lung) where the bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and leave the lung

Question 21

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 21

(misnomer, NOT a true ligament) is an extra reflection of pleural membranes onto each other; it is inferior to each hilar region.

Do provide some stability to the lungs

Question 22

What are the lobes and fissures of the lungs?

Answer 22

Right lung: 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower), oblique fissure, horizontal fissure, apex

Left lung: 2 lobes (upper, lower), oblique fissure, apex, cardiac notch

Question 23

What are the lung surfaces?

Answer 23

Costal surface - contact ribs, costal cartilage and sternum

Mediastinal surface - mediastinal structures including side of vertebral bodies

Diaphragmatic surface- convex dome to diaphragm

Question 24

What carries oxygenated blood to left atrium?

Answer 24

The pulmonary veins