Campus to Clinic

Question 1

Adrenaline:

a) what?
b) used to treat?
c) mechanism?
d) effects on heart, lungs, liver, muscle, systemic

Answer 1

a) hormone
b) acute hypotension, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, acute anaphylaxis
c) binds to adrenergic receptors

d)
o Heart; increases heart rate and contractility (B1 effect)
o Lungs; increases respiratory rate and bronchodilation
o Liver; stimulate glycogenolysis
o Muscle; stimulate glycogenolysis and glycolysis
o Systemic; vasoconstriction and vasodilation, triggers lipolysis, muscle contraction

Question 2

Atropine;

a) what?
b) used to treat?
c) mechanism?
d) effects?

Answer 2

a) Anticholinergic drug
b) Bradycardia, COPD, reduce bronchial secretions and salivation before surgery, nerve agent and pesticide poisonings, asthma, GI disorders
c) Block receptors from the actions of acetylcholine which is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
d) Reduce inflammation and mucus production in the airway, increases heart rate, decreases bodily secretions, decreases GI actions, symptoms of Parkinson’s e.g. involuntary muscle movement

Question 3

Furosemide;

a) what?
b) used to treat?
c) mechanism?

Answer 3

a) diuretic
b) oedema, heart failure, kidney failure, hypertension
c) inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water from the ascending loop of Henle in the renal tubule, increasing their excretion

Question 4

Salbutamol;

a) what?
b) used to treat?
c) mechanism?

Answer 4

a) beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist (bronchodilator)
b) asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, low cardiac output
c) Binds to b2 receptors in the lungs, mimicking catecholamines (e.g. NA), increasing cAMP, increasing smooth muscle relaxation and systemic vasodilation. Also binds to B1 receptors in the heart which increases heart rate and contractility.

Question 5

Ipratropium;

a) what?
b) used to treat?
c) mechanism?

Answer 5

a) anticholinergic drug (bronchodilator)
b) COPD, asthma
c) Blocks cholinergic effectors, inhibiting parasympathetic pathway (by blocking acetylcholine). This causes bronchodilation and reduces bronchial secretions.

Question 6

Hydrocortisone;

a) what?
b) used to treat?
c) mechanism?

Answer 6

a) corticosteroid
b) skin conditions (eczema, allergies, rash, itching), cortisol insufficiency, rheumatoid arthritis
c) Binds to glucocorticoid receptors, leading to inhibition of inflammatory mediators. This leads to decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries m as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation.