Camelids/Horses Flashcards
1
Q
Most horses in Virginia are used for?
A
Pleasure riding
2
Q
What is a Foal?
A
Baby horse
3
Q
How long can call filly and colt?
A
Until four years old (technically).
4
Q
What is a weanling?
A
Foal that is no longer nursing on mare. About 5-6 months of age.
5
Q
Yearling?
A
Year old. 1st-2 year
All horses are considered January 1st in the year that they are born. Most are born in Spring, May 16 2012, their birthday is technically January 1, 2012. So, turn one in January 2, 2012.
6
Q
What is natural breeding season for a horse?
A
Mares most fertile from May-July/August.
We try to push cycle later (learn this later).
7
Q
Mare
A
Female horse at least four years old.
8
Q
Pre-Purchase Exam?
A
Vet looks at horses, looks at conformation to make sure that there is nothing wrong with the horse.
9
Q
What are male donkeys called?
A
Jacks
10
Q
What are female donkeys called?
A
Jenny
11
Q
What is the product of a male donkey bred to female horse?
A
Mule
12
Q
What is female donkey bred to male horse?
A
Hinny
13
Q
Are products of both unions between donkey and horses fertile or sterile?
A
sterile
14
Q
Donkeys (Size)
A
Miniature Mediterranean
36” and under
Standard
36.01 to 48”
Large Standard
48.01 to 56”
Mammoth
Over 56”
Poitou
15
Q
Are these the same thing?
Donkey, ass, burro, jackass
A
Yes
16
Q
What are ponies and how different from horses?
A
A
Ponies
Conformationally different than horses
Technically a size differentiation
Miniature Horses
Conformationally similar to
horses
NOT ponies
17
Q
How many inches in a hand?
A
4 inches
18
Q
What is difference between a horse and a pony?
A
Horse = 14.3 hands and above (59 inches)
Pony = 14.2 and under
Small pony = 12.2 and under
Medium pony = > 12.2 up to 13.2
Large pony = > 13.2 up to 14.2
19
Q
What are some common breeds?
A
Coldbloods
Draft horses
Warmbloods
Mostly European sporthorse breeds
Hotbloods
Arabians, Thoroughbreds
20
Q
Largest breed registry in the world?
A
American Quarter Horse
21
Q
American Quarter Horse
A
Largest breed registry in world
Originally bred as sprinters
Western disciplines
Reining, cutting, working cow horse, barrel racing, calf roping, ranch horses
All around horse
Heavily muscled and compact
Calm temperment
22
Q
Appaloosa
A
Colorful leopard spotting colors
Developed by Nez Perce people of Pacific Northwest
Sturdy, brave, stubborn
Often conformationally similar to American Quarter Horse
23
Q
Thoroughbred
A
Developed in 17th and 18th century England
Mares crossed with three stallions of Arabian, Barb and Turkoman breeding
Bred for speed
Used mainly for flat racing but also excel at other English sports
24
Q
Standardbred
A
Harness race horses
Race at a trot or pace
Solid, tough, placid dispositions
25
Arabian
Developed by Bedouin people in Arabian Peninsula
Dished face, small delicate body, high set tail
Good natured, quick to learn, willing to please
High spirited, alert, sensitive
Very versatile, excel at endurance sports
26
American Saddlebred
Developed in Kentucky by plantation owners for riding
Mostly used for showing in Saddle seat disciplines and driving
Animated gaits
**May be five gaited**
Steady temperament
Often thought of as excitable and flighty
27
Tennessee Walking Horse
Bred by southern plantation owners as a riding horse
**Smooth, four-beated running walk**
Excellent temperament
**Very tough, sure footed and stoic**
**Don't show pain, so if something wrong, WRONG**
Used for showing, pleasure and trail riding
28
Warm Blood
Originating in Europe, bred as sporthorses
Descended from crosses between Drafts and Hotbloods
Athletic
Excel at Dressage, Hunters and Jumpers
29
Draft Horses
Bred as work horses: plowing, pulling and farm labor
Large, heavy horses
Excellent, calm temperaments
30
31
What white socks/socking called?
32
What color?
Chesnut:
Chestnut is a hair coat color of horses consisting of a reddish-to-brown coat with a mane and tail the same or lighter in color than the coat. Genetically and visually, chestnut is characterized by the absolute absence of true black hairs. It is one of the most common horse coat colors, seen in almost every breed of horse.
Chestnut is a very common coat color but the wide range of shades can cause confusi
33
A
A bay horse has a brownish body. this is typical bay. Can be really red or light brown or dark brown that almost looks back. Technically body is brown but with black points.
Can also have white stripes too.
34
What color?
Brown horse. Can also be dark bay?
35
What color is this horse?
Black
36
What color?
Grey horses have black skin. Most are born a different color (bay, chestnut, black).
37
White horses?
White horses have unpigmented skin and a white hair coat. Many white horses have dark eyes, though some have blue eyes. In contrast to gray horses which are born with pigmented skin they keep for life and pigmented hair that lightens to white with age, truly white horses are born with mostly white skin and white hair. Some white horses will have partial pigmentation in their skin and hair, which may or may not be retained as they mature, but if they lighten, unlike grays where only the hair becomes white, in a true white horse both skin and hair lose pigmentation.
White colorings, whether white markings, white patterns or dominant white are collectively known as depigmentation phenotypes, and all are caused by areas of skin that lack pigment cells (melanocytes).[2] Depigmentation phenotypes have various genetic causes, and those that have been studied usually map to the EDNRB and KIT genes. However, much about the genetics behind various all-white depigmentation phenotypes are still unknown
## Footnote
38
What color?
Dun are a buck covered body (anywhere from sandy to reddish color). This is technically a gene. To look at them, they have a stripe down their back. Dorsal sripe.
39
What color?
Don't have dun gene and don't have streak down back.
BUCKSKIN
40
What color?
Palomino
Palomino is a coat color in horses, consisting of a gold coat and white mane and tail. Genetically, the palomino color is created by a single allele of a dilution gene called the cream gene working on a "red" (chestnut) base coat.
41
Tobiano and Overo
Tobiano has white over the back but Overo does not!
42
What color?
Solid colored horse with a lot of white Roan
ROAN
43
What is trot?
Diagnal pair of legs moving together.
44
What is a pace?
Legs on same size move together
45
\How many gait is canter/lope?
3
46
What is left front lead?
Start off with right hind leg, and left front leg coming out front.
47
Gallop has how many beats?
4
48
When should trimming and shoeing occur for horse?
Every 4-8 weeks depending on hoof quality, pathology, etc
49
Nutrition of horse?
Fed usually hay, water and trace mineral salt block
1.5-2.0% BW in hay per day
(1100lb)\*.02 = 22 lbs hay per day
Bale weighs 40-60 lbs – 1/3 to 1/2 bale per day
Grain mix usually consists of oats, molasses, minerals, protein pellet (soybean)
0-10 lbs per day depending on function
Likes to eat small amounts all day long
Complete pelleted feedstuffs available
50
When do feed "creep feed"?
1-2 Weeks of age
51
When do usually wean foals?
4-6 months of age
52
What is tack?
equipment used to ride horse (saddle, bridle, etc)
53
Dromedary vs Bactrian?
Bactrian has two humps, Dromedary has one hump
54
Which are greater herd animals--alpacas or llamas?
alpacas
55
What is the normal value for temperature, heart rate, respirator rate, and lifespan for llama/alpaca?
(Don't need to memorize)
Temperature: 99-102 F
Heart Rate 60-90 /min
Respirator Rate: 10-30/min
15-20 Lifespan
56
Teeth on llama and alpaca?
Males have 4 canines and upper incisor
57
What are two breeds of alpaca?
Suri and huacaya
58
Why is venipuncture difficult on alpacas and llamas?
Jugular anatomy - differs from other species.
Skin up to 1 cm thick in upper cervical region.
Processes of cervical vertebra curve ventrally around the jugular and carotid vessels.
Jugular is separate from the carotid high in the neck but joins carotid and vagosympathetic trunk lower in the neck.
Usually use right side to avoid esophagus.
59
Sites for venipuncture?
Jugular.
High - just dorsal and caudal to angle of mandible.
Low - just cranial to the point of the shoulder and medial to the ventral processes of C5 or C6.
\*\*Cephalic vein – good especially with neonates
Ear vein.
Tail vein - superficial and on midline.
Saphenous vein.
60
How many stomachs does alpaca/ruminants have?
They are pseudo ruminants.
Stomach has three compartments.
C-1 - left side of the abdomen, dorsal and ventral sacs with saccules in the wall for bicarbonate secretion.
C-2 small - has secretory saccules.
C-3 tubular - secretes HCL and secretory enzymes.
Normal gastric motility is irregular and quiet.
There are 5-8 cycles per minute with up to a minute between active cycles.
61
Diet of alpaca and llama?
16-25 % more efficient converters of forage than other ruminants.
Good grass hay is usually sufficient for a maintenance diet (10% crude protein).
Dry matter intake equals 2 - 4% of body weight.
62
Feeders should be:
Off of ground
Movable
Covered
Creep Feeders should be available for cria
63
How many fighting teeth are in alpaca/llama? How do you remove?
2 upper and 1 lower on each side.
Remove at gum line with obstetrical wire. Avoid fragmenting the tooth.
64
Good way to check for Haemonchus in llama/alpaca?
Alpaca and llama have problems with parasites. A sign of Haemonchus is that the mucos membranes get really pale. Owners should be checking how pale mucuous membranes are (...eye).
65
When should neonate be taking colostrum? What if mother's colostrum is not available?
Should intake 10% of body weight in first 12 - 18 hours in 2 or more feedings.
If llama colostrum not available, use “first milk” goat colostrum.
66
Crias should be up and nursing XX hours after birth?
6
67
Young llamas eat solids by XXX weeeks
They ruminate by XXX weeks of age
They are weaned by XXX months of age.
Young llamas usually start to eat solids by 2-3 weeks of age.
They begin to ruminate by 4 - 6 weeks of age and are usually weaned by 4 - 5 months of age.
68
Trens in Food Animal Production:
Poultry
Dairy/Swine
Beef, Sheep
Poultry: Increasing
Dairy,Swine: Maintaining
Sheep/Beef: Decreasing
69
In Virginia, what are the tends for beef cattle production, dairy numbers, and polutry?
Polutry increasing, beef cattle increasing, dairy numbers decline/production less so,
70
In Maryland, what are the trends for beef cattle production, dairy numbers, and polutry?
Beefle Cattle maintaing, dairy numbers decline/less so, polutry increasing
71
What is the relationship between percentage dietary concentrate and economic competitiveness in the modern US economy?
72
: In the last 50 years trends in food animal production
Poultry-
: Beef
: Sheep
: In the last 50 years trends in food animal production-
Increasing: Poultry
Maintaining: Dairy, Swine
Declining: Beef (More pounds but less per capita)
Dramatically declining: Sheep
73
What is a first-calf heifer?
It is not a technically correct term. Heifer refers to a female bovine that has not yet had a calf. First-calf heifer is the incorrect term for cow with first lactation, sometimes, 2nd calfer
74
What are some consumption trends/income generated from food animal enterprises (Factors influencing consumer preference)--Order of importance
Cost
Desirability of eating experience (flavor, texture, juiciness, etc.)
Tradition
Perception of healthiness
Above = 95%
Perception of food safety
Value issues
75
In the US, what percent of protein in the diet of the average person comes from food animals?
20%
30%
40%
Over 60%
In the US, what percent of protein in the diet of the average person comes from food animals?
20%
30%
40%
Over 60% ( 40 % meat, fish, poultry, 20 % dairy, 5% eggs)
76
In the US, what percent of fat in the diet of the average person comes from food animals?
25%
35%
Over 60%
In the US, what percent of fat in the diet of the average person comes from food animals?
25%
35% ( 23 % meat, fish, poultry, 12 % dairy, 2% eggs)
45%
Over 60%
77
True or False: Remove calf ASAP from mom when calf born?
True. Dip navel with 7% iodine ASAP and give colostrum ASAP
78
What do ASAP with new dairy calf?
(1) Remove from COW ASAP
Dip navel with 7% iodine ASAP
Give Colostrum ASAP (Quality, Quantity, Timing, number of feedings important)
79
Dairy Calves:
Birth: Holstein Weght?
Jersey Weigh?
Holstein--80-100
Jersey: 40-60 lb
80
Dairy Calves:
Calving occurs where now?
Maternity Barns or Stalls
81
Dairy Calves:
Calving seasonal or year round?
Typicaly occurs year roun on farms but season calving emphasis may occur for milk marketing reasons or (infrequently) strict seasonal calving periods
82
Dairy Cow Life and Production Cycle:
Within days they are offered a calf starter grain ration that is very palatable and contains high amounts (+/- 18-20%) of protein.
Calves are typically “weaned” at 8 (4-10) weeks of age. This is not weaning in the same sense of the word as it is used in many species. These calves are still pre-ruminants and so are not ready to survive on roughage only diets.
They will be fed a calf grower (concentrate) with about 16% protein at the rate of about 2% of their body weight for several more weeks.
Developing heifers gradually moved to a ration with less concentrate. Typically 0.5% to 1% concentrate but may have development periods where they eat only forages.
83
Dairy Cow:
Generally gain . per day to reach target-breeding weight by months of age.
Generally gain 1.75 /1.5 lb. per day to reach target-breeding weight by 15 months of age.
This weight is about 2/3 of mature weight or 800-900 lb. for Holsteins and 550-650 lb. for Jerseys.
84
How many gallon of milk do dairy cows produce on average/day?
How many days spent lactating on average?
That’s 60 lb. or 7 gallons per day (60 lb. X 365 days) (8.6 lb. per gallon)
Average cow only spends 315 days per year lactating so lactating cows give 70 lb.+/- on average or 8 gallons+/- per day.
85
What does it mean when cows "freshen"?
When they calve and begin lactation
86
What is transition in dairy cows?
Switch from "dry-cow to lactating cow life.
87
Dairy Cows: On Dry-matter basis, % of ration should be forage?
40% of dry matter basis, at least 40% should be forage
88
Pros and Cons of Conventional Vs Grazing odern Dairy Farms:
Conventional: Confinement
## Footnote
Partial or Total
High Input Costs
High Production
Grazing: Cattle Eat Grass as a large part of their diet
Lower input costs
Lower Production
89
How long does milk production increase in dairy cows? When start to decrease and how much decrease? What must do to resume high levels of production?
Milk production begins at a moderately high level after calving,:
- increases for several weeks to a peak 40-100 days in milk
- then decreases as the lactation proceeds 8-10% a month.
Cows must freshen again to resume the high levels of production.
90
Nutrition in Dairy Cows: Wha percent Dry Matter and what percent Moisture? Of Dry Matter, what percent grain and forage?
50-50-50
## Footnote
Lactating Cows eat a diet that is:
50 pounds of Dry matter
50% moisture
~50% grain and 50% forage
91
Dairy:
Cows are housed in?
Cows are housed in:
Concrete lots with 4’ X 8’ beds called freestalls: may or may not have access to outside lots called exercise lots.
Dry Lots with shade cloth
Some loose housing uses a bedded shed called a bedded pack
On pasture with only a concrete lot to hold cows for milking and feeding
Stanchion: Stall for living and milking
92
Brief timeline of dairy cow cycle?
Cow is lactating for about 315 days.
There is a VWP (Voluntary Waiting Period), cow can't be bred for 60 days after calve.
Cow can then be bred.
Note that milk production peaks at 40-100 days, afterwhich starts to decrease by about 8-10%/day.
Dry period is between 314 day-374 (when calf)
93
How long do cows gestate? (Dairy Cows)
283 days approximately
94
Common reasons for culling?
Most common reasons for culling include:
failure to become pregnant in a timely manner
incurable mastitis
lameness
udder
95
When do dry off a cow?
When she is 40-60 days from calving/parturition or when her milk production drops below the breakeven (~30 lb).
96
Horse Reproduction
How long is the estrous cycle for horses?
About 21 days long
97
Horses:
How long does estrus last? Ovaluate wen?
Diestrus lasts how long?
How are bred?
Estrus cycle about 21 days
Estrus-5-7 days
Ovalutate 24-48 hours before end of estrus
Diestrus-14 to 15 days
Breed either natural cover or via artificial insemination (Fresh cooled semen and frozen semen)
98
Horses:
Gestation?
Foal should stand by?
Nurse by?
Weaning?
Gestation: 343 days
Stand by 1-2 hours
Nurse by 2-3 hours
Weaning-4-6 months
99
Trimming and shoeing horses takes place every XXXX weeks depending on hoof quality, use, and pathology.
Trimming and shoeing horses takes place every 4-8 weeks depending on hoof quality, use, and pathology.
100
Horses:
Fed usually?
% of Body-weight?
What about Grain Mix?
Fed usually hay, water and trace mineral salt block
1.5-2.0% BW in hay per day
(1100lb)\*.02 = 22 lbs hay per day
Bale weighs 40-60 lbs – 1/3 to 1/2 bale per day
Grain mix usually consists of oats, molasses, minerals, protein pellet (soybean)
0-10 lbs per day depending on function
Likes to eat small amounts all day long
Complete pelleted feedstuffs available
101
Alpacas:
Efficiency at converting forage?
What do eat?
South American Camelids (SAC) browse and graze.
16-25 % more efficient converters of forage than other ruminants.
Good grass hay is usually sufficient for a maintenance diet (10% crude protein).
Dry matter intake equals 2 - 4% of body weight.
102
Gestation for llamas? Length?
Pregnancies carried where?
349 (plus minus 9 days)
Carried in left Uterine Horn
103
Llamas Should be up and nursing within X hours?
6 hours
104
Llamas and Collostrum
Should intake 10% of body weight in first 12-18 hours in 2 or more feedings,
105
When do llamas being to eat solids? When do they begin to ruminate? When are they usually weaned?
2-3 weeks of age when start to eat solids, being to ruminate by 4-6 weeks of age and are usually weaned by 4-5 months of age.
106
What is FAMACHA?
FAMACHA is a diagnostic tool to help farmers identify parasite infection in small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. The tool is a chart that matches eyelid color to anemia levels, an indicator of parasite infection. This type of diagnosis allows farmers to target treatment only to infected animals, which in some systems has reduced use of deworming agents by 90 percent.
107
Advantage of Goat Milk?
108
When are calving seasons in Virginia? (Beef Industry)
Two calving seasons. One in Spring (March, April) and one in Fall (Aug-Dec) With tendency for spring calving in the mountain and valley region and fall calving in the piedmont region.
109
Full weaning of calves (beef)?
5-10 months of age (4-5 for llamas, 4-6 horses) (5-10 weeks for dairy cows)
110
Bulls castrated when?
Days to months of age
111
How do improve profitability?
Improve one of thse in the equation
Profit= (Calf Weaning Weight x No of calves x seeling price per pound)-Production Cost
112
Cow-Calf Operations--Usually use natural service, forage-based,
113
Cow/Calf , Pure Bred Operations, Grower Operations, Stockers, Weaners, Feedlots, Slaughter?
114
Reasons for weaning calf (Beef)
1) marketing opportunity;
2) changing nutritional conditions so calf growth or cow nutrition would suffer from continued nursing or;
3) need to give the cow a dry period before the next parturition
