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Chemistry 101 > Calculations & Chemical Equation > Flashcards

Calculations & Chemical Equation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mole?

A

A unit that defines an amount of something

- I mole of atoms = 6.022 x 10^23 atoms

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2
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

Basis for concept of mole (abbreviated mol)

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3
Q

What is atomic mass and molar mass?

A

Atomic mass: one atom of an element corresponds to average mass of a single atom in amu
Molar mass: one mole of an element corresponds to mass of a mole of atoms in grams
Same #, different units

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4
Q

How do you convert atoms, moles, and mass?

A
  • Density converts between grams and milliliters
  • atomic mass unit converts between amu and grams
  • Avogadro’s number converts between moles and # of atoms
  • molar mass converts between grams and moles
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5
Q

What are the formulas to convert between moles, particles, and grams?

A
  • Grams to moles: divide by molar mass; g x 1 mol/g = mol
  • Moles to grams: multiply by molar mass; mol x g/1mol = g
  • Particles to moles: divide by avogadro’s #; particles x 1mol/(6.022 x 10^23) = mol
  • Moles to particles: multiply by Avogadro’s #; x (6.022 x 10^23)/1mol = particles
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6
Q

What is a chemical formula?

A

Combination of symbols of various elements that make up the compound

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7
Q

What is a formula unit?

A

Smallest collection of atoms that provides two important pieces of information

  • identity of atoms/ions
  • relative # of each type of atom/ion
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8
Q

What is a hydrate?

A

Compound containing 1 or more water molecules as integral part of structure

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9
Q

What is a formula mass?

A

Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in compound as represented by formula (expressed in amu)
Ex: H2O: 16.00amu+2(1.008 amu)= 18.02 amu

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10
Q

What is molar mass?

A

Mass in grams of 1 mole of compound in grams/mole (numerically equal to formula weight in amu)
Ex: molar mass of H2O: 18.02g/mol

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11
Q

What are the two parts of a chemical equation?

A

Reactants: substances that undergo change in a reaction
Products: substances produced by reaction

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12
Q

What are features of a chemical equation?

A
  1. Identity of products and reactants must be specified using chemical symbols
  2. Reactants are written to left of reaction and products to right
  3. Physical states of reactants and products may be shown in parenthesis
  4. Symbol 🔺over reaction arrow means that energy is required for reaction to occur
  5. Equation must be balanced
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13
Q

What is physical evidence of a reaction occurring?

A
  1. Release of gas
  2. Formation of a solid (precipitate)
  3. Heat is produced /absorbed
  4. Color changes
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14
Q

What are the different types of reactions?

A
  • combination reaction
  • decomposition reaction
  • single-replacement reaction
  • double-replacement reaction
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15
Q

What is a combination reaction?

A

Joining of 2 or more elements/compounds, producing a product of different composition: A + B →AB

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16
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Produce 2 or more products from a single reactant: AB → A+B

17
Q

What is a single-replacement reaction?

A

One atom replaces another in compound producing a new compound: A + BC → B + AC

18
Q

What is a double-replacement reaction?

A

2 compounds undergo a “change of partners”: AB + CD →AD + CB

19
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

Matter cannot be either garned or lost in process of chemical reaction: total mass of products = total mass of reactants

20
Q

How do you balance an equation?

A
  1. Count #s of moles of atoms of each element on both product and reactant sides
  2. Determine which elements are not balanced
  3. Balance one element at a time by changing coefficients
  4. Balance any other elements
  5. Check
21
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

Chemical change that results in one or more insoluble products

  • to predict if precipitation reaction → know solubilities of ionic compounds
  • reference notes for solubility chart *
22
Q

How do you predict whether a precipitation will occur?

A
  • Recombine ionic compounds to have them exchange partners

- any insoluble salt will be precipitate

23
Q

What is an ionic equation?

A

Conveys how products and reactants exist in solution

  • soluble ions are dissociated
  • insoluble ions present as solid
24
Q

What is a net ionic equation?

A

Spectator ions do not change and not induced

25
Q

How do you write a net ionic equation?

A
  1. Write balanced molecular equation for process being considered (use any solubility rules to identify any precipitates)
  2. Write Sonic equation showing all reactants and products as free ions unless they are precipitates
  3. Ions that appear on both sides of equations are spectator ions (not undergo change) re are cancelled out, what remains is net ionic equation
  4. Ensure that charges & # of atoms are balanced like normal equation
26
Q

What is an acid-base reaction?

A

Acid + base → salt + H2O

- involves transfer of hydrogen ion (H+) from 1 reactant (acid) to another (base)

27
Q

What is a neutralization reaction?

A

When equal molar quantities of acid & base are mixed

28
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

(redox) :transfer ot negative charge (1 or more electron) from one reactant to another
- oxidation: loss of electron
- reduction: gain of electron

29
Q

What are the general principles to calculating a chemical reaction?

A
  1. Chemical formulas of all reactants and products must be known
  2. Equation must be balanced to obey law of conservation of mass
  3. Calculations are performed in terms of moles (coefficients)
30
Q

What is theoretical yield?

A

Max amount of product that can be produced (calculated)

31
Q

What is actual yield?

A

Amount produced when reaction performed (laboratory yield)

32
Q

What is percent yield?

A

Actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100%

33
Q

What is a limiting reactant?

A

Completely consumed reactant

Chemistry 101 (4 decks)

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