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Calculations Flashcards

1
Q

Gravity

A

Universal force that attracts all objects to each other. Holds our planet in orbit around Sun and the Moon in orbit around us. All objects on the surface of the Earth are attracted to the center of the Earth

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2
Q

Equation for Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

A

Gf = Gm1m2/r^2

Gf is gravitation force between two objects
m1, m2 = their mass
r = the distance between them
G = gravitation constant

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3
Q

Weight

A

Measure of the force of gravity on an object (changes with location)

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4
Q

Why would you weigh less at the Equator than at the North Pole?

A

Earth is not a perfect sphere and is slightly flattened at poles. Earth’s rotation increases this effect further. At North Pole you are closer to Earth’s center; therefore, the gravitational attraction between you and Earth is greater

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5
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in object. Always remains same except when the object’s velocity approaches the speed of light

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6
Q

Compare the weight and mass of a baseball on the Earth and the Sun: the baseball’s ___ changes, its ____ remains the same

A

weight

mass

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7
Q

Field

A

Region or space or the environment where a given quantity can be measured at any point (ex: gravity, electric potential, magnetism, air pressure, relative humidity)

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8
Q

Isolines

A

Lines used to represent the presence of a field and connect points of equal value (on 2d surface)

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9
Q

Iso-Surface

A

Surface on 3D object where all points have equal field value (like a topo map representing three dimensions_

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10
Q

What is the formula that represents gradient or slope?

A

Gradient is change in field value divided by change in distance

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11
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy of position. Energy not currently being used but can be used in future

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12
Q

Formula for potential energy

A

PE = mgh

PE=potential energy
m=mass of object
g=acceleration due to gravity
h=height of object

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13
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion. Increases with increasing velocity

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14
Q

Formula to calculate kinetic energy

A

KE = 1/2 mv^2

KE = kinetic energy
m= mass of object
v= velocity of object
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15
Q

Equation for percent deviation from accepted value (or percent error)?

A

D% = [Vm-Va] x 100 / Va

D% - percent deviation from accepted value (or percent error)
Va - accepted value
Vm - measured value

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16
Q

Metric system unit for length

A

Meter

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17
Q

Metric system unit for volume

A

Liter

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18
Q

Metric system unit for mass

A

Gram

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19
Q

Metric system unit for density

A

gram per liter

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20
Q

Metric system unit for time

A

second

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21
Q

Metric system unit for temp

A

Celcius (Centigrade)

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22
Q

Metric system prefix for one million

A

mega

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23
Q

Metric system prefix for 1,000

A

kilo

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24
Q

Metric system prefix for hundred

A

hecto

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25
Metric system prefix for 10
deka
26
Metric system prefix for one tenth
deci
27
Metric system prefix for one hundreth
centi
28
Metric system prefix for one thousandth
milli
29
Metric system prefix for one millionth
micro
30
Metric system equiv. to 1,000 grams
kilogram
31
Metric system equivalent to 1/10 liter
deciliter
32
Metric system equivalent to 100 meters
hectometer
33
Metric system equivalent to one millionth of a gram
microgram
34
Isotope
Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Atom of an element contains a unique number of protons. In a neutral atom, number of electrons = numbers of protons. Number of neutrons may vary. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with diff. numbers neutrons.
35
Atomic number
Protons in nucleus of atom
36
Atomic number of Carbon
6
37
Atomic number for Oxygen
8
38
Atomic number for Hydrogen?
1
39
Mass number
Sum of protons and neutrons in isotope of an element
40
How many neutrons in an isotope of carbon-12?
6 (cause there are 6 protons)
41
How many neutrons in an isotope of Carbon-14?
8
42
How many neutrons in isotope of hydrogen-1?
0
43
How many neutrons in isotope of hydrogen-2?
1
44
Atomic mass
Average of the atomic masses of the isotpes of a given element. Calculated by taking a weighted average of the isotopes of an element (factoring in relative abundance). Ex: sample of chlorine contains chlorine 35 and 36 isotopes; the atomic mass is 35.45 cause an average sample contains a slightly higher percentage of chlorine-35 atoms
45
Density
Amount of material in a given space (or volume)
46
Basic formula to calculate density
Density = Mass divided by Volume
47
As the temp. increases, the density of a gas does what?
decreases
48
As temp. decreases, gas density does what?
increases
49
The density of liquids and solids does what as temp increases?
decreases
50
3 phases of matter from least to most dense
gas, liquid, solid
51
List 5 phase changes
``` melting freezing boiling condensation sublimation ```
52
Metling
solid to liquid
53
Freezing (or fusion)
liquid to solid
54
Boiling (or evap.)
liquid to gas
55
Condensation
gas to liquid
56
Sublimation
solid directly to gas
57
During melting, heat is ___
absorbed or gained
58
During condensation, heat is
released
59
During freezing, heat is ___
released
60
During boiling, heat is ____
absorbed or gained
61
Equation for circumference of a circle
2 pi radius = pi diameter
62
Equation for volume of a sphere
Volume = 4/3pi r ^3
63
Equation for surface area of a sphere?
A = 4pi r ^2
64
Equation for volume of rectangular solid?
Length x Width x Height
65
Equation for eccentricity of ellipse
E = distance between foci DIVIDED BY length of major axis
66
Equation for relative humidity
%RH = (vapor pressure of the dewpoint temp divided by vapor pressure of dry bulb temp) times 100
67
Equation for heat required for melting
H = mass times heat of fusion
68
Equation for heat required for vaporization
H = mass times heat of vaporization
69
Equation for change of heat content?
Heat = mass times change in temp times specific heat (constant particular to substance)
70
Process resulting in heat loss is called...
exothermic
71
Process resulting in heat gain
endothermic
72
Heat of fusion for water
80 calories/gram
73
Heat of vaporization of water
540 calories/gram
74
Density of water
1 gram/mL (at 4C)
75
Absolute Temp Scale
Measures temp in Kelvin. Scale begins at 0 K.
76
Freezing point of water in Kelvin
273 K
77
Boiling point of water in Kelvin
373 K
78
Absolute Zero
Lowest possible temp at which all atomic motion ceases
79
Value of absolute zero in kelvin?
0 K
80
Value of absolute zero in Celsius?
-273 Celcius
81
Explain how to convert C to kelvin
add 273
82
Explain how to convert kelvin to C
substract 273
83
Convert 70 kelvin to C
-203C
84
Convert -100 C to kelvin
173 K

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