Calculations Flashcards
Gravity
Universal force that attracts all objects to each other. Holds our planet in orbit around Sun and the Moon in orbit around us. All objects on the surface of the Earth are attracted to the center of the Earth
Equation for Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Gf = Gm1m2/r^2
Gf is gravitation force between two objects
m1, m2 = their mass
r = the distance between them
G = gravitation constant
Weight
Measure of the force of gravity on an object (changes with location)
Why would you weigh less at the Equator than at the North Pole?
Earth is not a perfect sphere and is slightly flattened at poles. Earth’s rotation increases this effect further. At North Pole you are closer to Earth’s center; therefore, the gravitational attraction between you and Earth is greater
Mass
Amount of matter in object. Always remains same except when the object’s velocity approaches the speed of light
Compare the weight and mass of a baseball on the Earth and the Sun: the baseball’s ___ changes, its ____ remains the same
weight
mass
Field
Region or space or the environment where a given quantity can be measured at any point (ex: gravity, electric potential, magnetism, air pressure, relative humidity)
Isolines
Lines used to represent the presence of a field and connect points of equal value (on 2d surface)
Iso-Surface
Surface on 3D object where all points have equal field value (like a topo map representing three dimensions_
What is the formula that represents gradient or slope?
Gradient is change in field value divided by change in distance
Potential Energy
Energy of position. Energy not currently being used but can be used in future
Formula for potential energy
PE = mgh
PE=potential energy
m=mass of object
g=acceleration due to gravity
h=height of object
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion. Increases with increasing velocity
Formula to calculate kinetic energy
KE = 1/2 mv^2
KE = kinetic energy m= mass of object v= velocity of object
Equation for percent deviation from accepted value (or percent error)?
D% = [Vm-Va] x 100 / Va
D% - percent deviation from accepted value (or percent error)
Va - accepted value
Vm - measured value
Metric system unit for length
Meter
Metric system unit for volume
Liter
Metric system unit for mass
Gram
Metric system unit for density
gram per liter
Metric system unit for time
second
Metric system unit for temp
Celcius (Centigrade)
Metric system prefix for one million
mega
Metric system prefix for 1,000
kilo
Metric system prefix for hundred
hecto
Metric system prefix for 10
deka
Metric system prefix for one tenth
deci
Metric system prefix for one hundreth
centi
Metric system prefix for one thousandth
milli
Metric system prefix for one millionth
micro
Metric system equiv. to 1,000 grams
kilogram
Metric system equivalent to 1/10 liter
deciliter
Metric system equivalent to 100 meters
hectometer
Metric system equivalent to one millionth of a gram
microgram
Isotope
Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Atom of an element contains a unique number of protons. In a neutral atom, number of electrons = numbers of protons. Number of neutrons may vary. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with diff. numbers neutrons.
Atomic number
Protons in nucleus of atom
Atomic number of Carbon
6
Atomic number for Oxygen
8
Atomic number for Hydrogen?
1
Mass number
Sum of protons and neutrons in isotope of an element
How many neutrons in an isotope of carbon-12?
6 (cause there are 6 protons)
How many neutrons in an isotope of Carbon-14?
8
How many neutrons in isotope of hydrogen-1?
0
How many neutrons in isotope of hydrogen-2?
1
Atomic mass
Average of the atomic masses of the isotpes of a given element. Calculated by taking a weighted average of the isotopes of an element (factoring in relative abundance). Ex: sample of chlorine contains chlorine 35 and 36 isotopes; the atomic mass is 35.45 cause an average sample contains a slightly higher percentage of chlorine-35 atoms
Density
Amount of material in a given space (or volume)
Basic formula to calculate density
Density = Mass divided by Volume
As the temp. increases, the density of a gas does what?
decreases
As temp. decreases, gas density does what?
increases
The density of liquids and solids does what as temp increases?
decreases
3 phases of matter from least to most dense
gas, liquid, solid
List 5 phase changes
melting freezing boiling condensation sublimation
Metling
solid to liquid
Freezing (or fusion)
liquid to solid
Boiling (or evap.)
liquid to gas
Condensation
gas to liquid
Sublimation
solid directly to gas
During melting, heat is ___
absorbed or gained
During condensation, heat is
released
During freezing, heat is ___
released
During boiling, heat is ____
absorbed or gained
Equation for circumference of a circle
2 pi radius = pi diameter
Equation for volume of a sphere
Volume = 4/3pi r ^3
Equation for surface area of a sphere?
A = 4pi r ^2
Equation for volume of rectangular solid?
Length x Width x Height
Equation for eccentricity of ellipse
E = distance between foci DIVIDED BY length of major axis
Equation for relative humidity
%RH = (vapor pressure of the dewpoint temp divided by vapor pressure of dry bulb temp) times 100
Equation for heat required for melting
H = mass times heat of fusion
Equation for heat required for vaporization
H = mass times heat of vaporization
Equation for change of heat content?
Heat = mass times change in temp times specific heat (constant particular to substance)
Process resulting in heat loss is called…
exothermic
Process resulting in heat gain
endothermic
Heat of fusion for water
80 calories/gram
Heat of vaporization of water
540 calories/gram
Density of water
1 gram/mL (at 4C)
Absolute Temp Scale
Measures temp in Kelvin. Scale begins at 0 K.
Freezing point of water in Kelvin
273 K
Boiling point of water in Kelvin
373 K
Absolute Zero
Lowest possible temp at which all atomic motion ceases
Value of absolute zero in kelvin?
0 K
Value of absolute zero in Celsius?
-273 Celcius
Explain how to convert C to kelvin
add 273
Explain how to convert kelvin to C
substract 273
Convert 70 kelvin to C
-203C
Convert -100 C to kelvin
173 K
