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Calcium Regulation > Calcium Regulation > Flashcards

Calcium Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to endocrine target cells that do not receive sufficient hormone

A

Shrivel and become inactive

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2
Q

Hormones vary in size and composition (4)

A

Peptide & protein
Amino acid derived
Steroid
Fatty acid compounds

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of hormones

A

Water soluble

Lipid soluble

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4
Q

What is the half life of hormone am and how are they excreted

A

Short

Removed in faeces and urine

Water soluble directly
Steroids have to be processed by liver

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5
Q

Excretion often occurs after processed in which organs

A

Lung
Blood
Liver
Kidney

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6
Q

How are proteins transported

A

Protein carriers

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7
Q

What is necessary for hormones to diffuse

A

Must be unbound

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8
Q

Often neural stimulation leads to release if hormone what is this type of reflex and give examples of where from

A

Neurohumoral

Brain hypothalamus
Adrenal medulla
Pituitary

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9
Q

How is the ANS involved in hormones

A

Modulates secretions

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10
Q

How do genetics play a part in endocrinology

A 
Individuals have varying levels of 
Size of glands 
Synthesis and secretion of hormones
Elimination rates 
Sensitivity ti hormones

This is due to size and metabolism

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11
Q

What 2 ions are important in Ca regulation

A

Calcium

Phosphate

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12
Q

What are the roles of calcium

A
  • skeleton structure
  • muscle contraction
  • neural excitability
  • hormonal release
  • membrane permeability
  • enzyme activity
  • blood coagulation
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13
Q

What are the 3 hormones that alter blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

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14
Q

What roles does phosphate play

A

ATP

Buffer in body and ruin

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15
Q

What is the problem with releasing calcium from bone

A

Phosphate also released which binds to calcium

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16
Q

What is bone made up of

A

Calcium phosphate

Limited solubility

17
Q

PO4 is continually secreted in gut why?

A

Reuptake is not regulated

18
Q

What stimulates po4 excretion

A

Both PTH and CT

19
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone produced and stored

A

In parathyroid gland

Next to thyroid gland

20
Q

Is it normal for hormone to be stored

A

No

21
Q

Do parathyroid cells require neural innovation to release PTH

A

No are sensitive to Ca levels

22
Q

What stimulates the secretion of PTH

A

High phosphate

Low calcium

23
Q

What is the effect of PTH (4)

A
  1. Acute - activates osteocytes and osteoblasts to transfer Ca into the blood
  2. Chronic - stimulates osteoclasts to remodel bone
  3. Acts on kidney proximal convoluted tubules to decrease reabsorption of PO4 and distal to enhance Ca absorption
  4. Increases activation of vitamin D = more dietary Ca absorbed
24
Q

What does CT stand for

A

Calcitonin

25
Q

Where is CT secreted from

A

C-cells in the thyroid

Sparsely spread amongst follicular cells

26
Q

What stimulates CT

A

Raises calcium plasma levels

27
Q

What does CT do

A

Opposite of PTH

Blocks reabsorption of Ca from bone

Blocks renal absorption of Ca and increases waste of PO4

Blocks vitamin D

28
Q

How is vitamin D formed

A

D2 converted to D3 by UV

D3 to 25 hydroxyl cholecalciferol - in liver

Ti 1.25-dihydroxyl cholecalciferol

29
Q

What is exocrine system

A

When secretions are released into the surface via duct

30
Q

What causes hypocalcaemia

A

High calcium demand in dam

Dietary imbalance Ca/PO4

anorexia - low Ca intake

31
Q

What causes hypercalcemia

A

Hyoerparathyroidism

Excessive PTH production causing continual Ca movement from bone

32
Q

What is the term for softening of bones

A

Osteomalacia

33
Q

What causes type 1 and 2 hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Parathyroid adenoma causing direct secreting excess of PTH
  2. PTH is indirectly raised by renal or dietary cause
34
Q

Renal

Dietary cause of hyperparathyroidism

A

Renal - kidney failure to absorb calcium and remove phosphate
Raised phosphate and low calcium trigger PTH

Dietary
Low calcium
High phosphate
Inadequate vitamin D formation

35
Q

Most hormones if calcium homeostasis are what

A

Extra cellular

Except vitamin D

Calcium Regulation (1 decks)

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