Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Calcium & Iron & other Minerals > Flashcards

Calcium & Iron & other Minerals Flashcards

0
Q

Where is most of the body’s Ca+?

A

In bones & teeth (99%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Ca+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Calcium salts from crystals

A

Hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does calcium balance depend on?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When Ca+ in the body is low what is present?

A

Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When Ca+ balance in the body is high, what is present?

A

Calcitonin hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 3 organ systems respond to calcium?

A
  • intestines~ vit. D
  • bones~ osteoclasts
  • kidneys~ rid/keep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Above NL; muscles harden & contract, can’t relax

A

Calcium rigor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Below NL; uncontrolled muscle contraction; spasms of extremities r/t muscular excitability

A

Calcium tetany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Calcium rigor & calcium tetany aren’t due to lack of diet, what are they caused by?

A

Lack of vit. D or hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Factors that enhance Ca+ absorption?

A

Vit. D, stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Factors that inhibit Ca+ absorption?

A

Fiber, phytates (whole grains, legumes, seeds), oxalates (some veggies like spinach & sweet potatoes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the recommended AI of Ca+?

A

1000mg (19-50yr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the UL that has been established for Ca+ ?

A

2500mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which hormone activates vit. D & which hormone inactivated it?

A

Parathyroid/act., calcitonin/inact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the bioavailability of Ca+ in spinach to be equivalent to 1c. of milk?

A

8c.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Highest attainable bone density, 1st 3 decades of life, achieve by late 20s

A

Peak bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Low bone mass

A

Osteopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Silent disease, apparent later in life, bones become fragile and more likely to be fractured

A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the greatest predictor of osteoporosis?

A

Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are elderly most likely to obtain osteoporosis?

A

Because vit. D not converted to active form and the have less intakes, go outdoors less, and often have kidney problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Drug that stops osteoclasts form. breaking down bones (calcitonin hormone)

A

Antiresorptive agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drugs that stimulates bone formation (parathyroid hormone)

A

Anabolic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of physical activity can help keep bones strong & support them?

A

Weight-bearing (like walking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are trace minerals different from minerals?

A

They depend of soil & h2o composition, they depend on food processing, can affect people of all ages, are difficult to recognize, toxicities hinder FDA regulations of supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What 2 forms does iron switch back & forth between?

A

Ferrous & Ferric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Iron +2 (reduced state)

A

Ferrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Iron +3 (oxidized state)

A

Ferric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Iron whose store pro is in small intestine, Fe surplus storage form in liver

A

Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fe transport pro, delivers Fe to bone marrow (RBC)

A

Transferrin

30
Q

In foods bound to pro, only in flesh if animal, 10% Fe consumed/day, but well absorbed, not influenced by diet

A

Heme iron

31
Q

Not bound to pro, 90% Fe consumed/day, but less well absorbed, several dietary factors affect absorption

A

Non-heme iron

32
Q

Meat, fish, poultry-polypeptide Promotes nonheme absorption from other foods eaten @ same meal

A

MFP

33
Q

What are the 3 factors that enhance nonheme?

A
  1. MFP
  2. Vit. C~ high nonheme absorption from foods eaten @ same meal, capture Fe in 2+ form, ready for absorption
  3. Some Acids & sugars (Citric acid & lactic)
34
Q

What are the 4 factors that inhibit nonheme?

A
  • phytates~legumes, whole grains, rice
  • veggie pros~ soybeans, legumes, nuts
  • Ca+ in milk
  • polyphenols (tannic acid) in tea, coffee, red wine, oregano
35
Q

Over several days what are the most relevant inhibiting/ enhancing factors?

A

MFP, vit. C, & phytates

36
Q

Absorbs more when stores are low or needs more (pregnancy)

A

Irons status

37
Q

Another Fe storage pro made when Fe high/in excess

A

Hemosiderin

38
Q

How can Fe be recycled?

A

After 4 months it is degrade but recycle by being attached to transferrin and then taken back to bone marrow and then makes new RBC

39
Q

Hormone from liver that regulated Fe balance

A

Hepcidin

40
Q

Severe depletion if Fe stores results in low Hgb & small, pale RBC (hypochromic/microcytic)

A

Iron deficiency anemia

41
Q

What is the most common deficiency worldwide?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

42
Q

What populations in the U.S. are affected by iron deficient anemia?

A

Toddlers, teen girls, women if child bearing age and in reproductive yrs, pregnant women, infants, teen males

43
Q

True/false iron deficiency & iron deficiency anemia are the same.

A

False.

Fe deficiency~deplete Fe w/o regard to degree depletion, where as Fe deficiency anemia~severe depletion of Fe stores

44
Q

Causes a craving & consumption if no food substances

A

Pica

45
Q

Condition deposits of hemosiderin in liver, heart, joints

A

Hemosiderosis

46
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of Fe toxicity?

A

Lethargy and fatigue

47
Q

How can the overload of Fe toxicity be measured?

A

By transferrin saturation & serum ferritin

48
Q

What 3 things may occur if there is excess Fe consumed and no enough transport Fe?

A
  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • iron poisoning
49
Q

What are the food sources of iron?

A

MFP has most, milk has least, grains (enriched, fortified, whole), dark green veggies, dried fruit, legumes, eggs

50
Q

What is the RDA of iron?

A
  • women 18mg
  • men 8mg
  • men veg. 8x1.8=14mg
  • women veg. 18x1.8=32mg
51
Q

Which mineral is the principal intercellular anion that helps maintains fluid, electrolyte balance, & cell integrity?

A

Potassium (K+)

52
Q

Which mineral is the major anion of extracellular fluids an helps maintain fluid & electrolyte balance?

A

Chloride (Cl-)

53
Q

Too little Na+ in blood from losses not from inadequate intake

A

Hypoatremia

54
Q

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension w/ low Na+ intake

A

Dash diet

55
Q

What is the dietary guideline of Na+/d?

A

1tsp

56
Q

What is the UL of NaCl for adults?

A

2300mg

57
Q

Which mineral is the principal cation of extracellular fluid that participates in acid-base balance?

A

Sodium (Na+)

58
Q

What’s the AI for Na+?

A

1500mg (19-50yrs)

59
Q

Which minerals participate in fluid balance?

A

Na+, Cl-, K+

60
Q

Which minerals participate in bone health?

A

Ca+, Mg+, P-

61
Q

Which electrolytes are outside the cell? Which are inside?

A

Outside- sodium & chloride

Inside- potassium, magnesium, phosphate, & sulfate

62
Q

Because sodium-potassium pump requires ATP it is what kind of transport?

A

Active because it needs facilitator & energy

63
Q

Ions that are inside the cell like Na+ are called? Ions outside the cell like Cl- are called?

A

Inside- cations

Outside- anions

64
Q

If blood volume or BP too low what 4 things occur?

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone released-hypothalamus stimulate pituitary gland
  2. Renin- kidneys reabsorb Na+
  3. Angiotensin- angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is then converted to the active form~ angiotensin II
  4. Aldosterone- released from adrenal glands, signals kidneys to excrete K+ & Na+ is retained
65
Q

What’s the AI for h2o?

A

-men 3.7L/d
-women 2.7L/d
(Needs vary-2000kcal)

66
Q

What are the sources of h2o?

A
  • h2o
  • beverages
  • foods
  • condensation reactions
  • oxidation of energy~yielding nutrients
67
Q

What type of cellular fluid is outside cell? Inside cell?

A

Outside- extracelluar (interstitial, intravacular)

Inside- intracellular

68
Q

What are the functions of H2O?

A
  • carries nutrients & waste
  • maintains structure of large molecules & blood volume
  • participate in metabolic reactions
  • acts as a solvent
  • lubricant & cushion
  • aids in regulation of body temp.
69
Q

How much body weight is lost @ the start of dehydration?

A

1-2% but symptoms get more severe after that

70
Q

How many milligrams of Ca+ is in an 8oz. glass of milk?

A

300mg

71
Q

How much Fe is in 3oz. of beef?

A

2mg

72
Q

What parts of the body does osteoporosis affect?

A

Hips, wrist, and spine

Nutrition (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions