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BRS2 Endocrinology > Calcium Dysregulation > Flashcards

Calcium Dysregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 molecules increase serum calcium levels?

A
  1. Vitamin D
  2. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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2
Q

Which hormone is responsible for decreasing serum calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

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3
Q

What are the 2 sources of vitamin D?

A
  1. Synthesised in skin
  2. Intake via diet
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4
Q

Where is PTH secreted from?

A

Parathyroid glands

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5
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

A

Parathyroid follicular cells

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6
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D called?

A

Calcitriol or 1,25(OH)2 cholecalciferol

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7
Q

Which form of vitamin D is found in diet?

A

Vitamin D2

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8
Q

What induces the production of vitamin D in skin?

A

UVB from sunlight

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9
Q

Which form of vitamin D is produced in the skin?

A

Vitamin D3

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10
Q

Which enzyme turns vitamin D3 into 25-OH cholecalciferol?

A

25-hydroxylase

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11
Q

Where is 25-hydroxylase found?

A

Liver

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12
Q

What is a good indicator of body vitamin D status?

A

25-OH vitamin D (25-OH cholecalciferol)

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13
Q

Which enzyme turns 25-OH cholecalciferol into calcitriol?

A

1-alpha-hydroxylase

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14
Q

How does calcitriol regulate its own synthesis?

A

Decreasing transcription of 1-alpha-hydroxylase

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15
Q

What are the physiological effects of calcitriol?

A
  • Increased Ca2+ and (PO4)3- absorption from intestines
  • Increased Ca2+ and (PO4)3- reabsorption from kidneys
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16
Q

How do the physiological effects of calcitriol influence bones?

A

Increased Ca2+ and (PO4)3- provide building blocks for bones

17
Q

What are the actions of PTH?

A
  • Increased Ca2+ resorption from bones
  • Increased Ca2+ reabsorption from kidneys
  • Increased (PO4)3+ excretion from kidneys
  • Increased 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity
18
Q

Which transport protein does PTH act on to increase phosphate excretion?

A

Na+/(PO4)3- co-transporter

19
Q

Where is Na+/(PO4)3- co-transporter found within the kidneys?

A

Cuboidal epithelia of proximal tubule

20
Q

What other factor acts on sodium/phospate co-transporter in the kidneys?

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF23)

21
Q

What is the action of FGF23?

A
  • Increased phosphate excretion
  • Reduced 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity
22
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

A

CATs go numb
* Convulsions
* Arrythmia
* Tetany
* Paraesthesia (hands, feet, mouth, lip)

23
Q

What is paraesthesia?

A

Tingling sensation and numbness

24
Q

What is the sign indicated by facial paraesthesia called?

A

Chvostek’s Sign

25
Q

How is Chvostek’s sign observed?

A

Facial twitch or spasm observed upon tapping the zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

26
Q

What is the sign indicated by carpopedal spasm?

A

Trousseau’s Sign

27
Q

How is Chvostek’s sign observed?

A

Spasm of hands and fingers upon inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm

28
Q
A

BRS2 Endocrinology (3 decks)

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