Caib 3: Na Lochlannaigh

Question 1

Mhair na Lochlannaigh ó 750-1080

Answer 1

The Vikings lived from 750-1080

Question 2

Sa phopchultúr léirítear na Lochlannach ag caitheamh clogad le hadharca orthu ach níl aon bpríomfhoinse ann go thaispeánann na Lochlannaigh ag caitheamh iad. Chum fear ón nGearmáin opera a léirigh na Lochlannaigh ag caitheamh iad sa 1800dí agus chuaigh an íomhá sin isteach sa phopchultúr.

Answer 2

In pop culture the Vikings are depicted wearing a helmet with horns on them but there is no primary source that shows the Vikings wearing them. A man from Germany composed an opera depicting the Vikings wearing them in the 1800s and that image entered pop culture.

Question 3

Longfhada/ Dragonlonga
Bhí na Longfhada caol, tapaidh agus bhí siad éasca chun tharraing amach as an uisce. D’úsáid na Lochlannaigh an gaoth, na réaltaí agus an tíde ag Longseóireacht. Coimeád siad nótaí faoin na héan, agus an treo a d’eitle siad mar níor raibh aon léirscáil acu.

Answer 3

Longships / Dragonships
The Longships were slender, fast and easy to pull out of the water. The Vikings used the wind, the stars and the tide to navigate. They kept notes about the birds, and the direction they flew because they had no map.

Question 4

Bhí a gcreideamh féin ag na Lochlannaigh sular iompaigh siad ina gCríostaithe, ach tá easpa foinsí scríofa againn maidir le cad go díreach a bhí mar chuid den gcreideamh sin. Is éard atá ar eolas againn ná nach raibh aon leabhar naofa acu nó sagairt.

Answer 4

The Vikings had their own religion before they became Christians, but we have a lack of written sources as to what exactly was part of that belief. What we do know is that they had no holy book or priests.

Question 5

Tá a fhios againn ó na hEdda (leabhair Lochlannacha) gur chreid na Lochlannaigh go raibh 3 leibhéal ar domhan agus gur crann fuinseoige darbh ainm Yggdrasil a bhí ann.

Answer 5

We know from the Edda (Viking books) that the Vikings believed that there were 3 levels on earth and that it was an ash tree called Yggdrasil.

Question 6

Chónaigh na déithe in Asgard
chónaigh na gnáthdhaoine in Midgard
chónaigh na síofraí agus na fathaigh in Hel!

Answer 6

The gods lived in Asgard
the common people lived in Midgard
the giants and elf/sprites lived in Hel!

Question 7

Bhí cónaí ar thriúr ban, na Norns, i bhfréamhacha an chrainn agus bhí smacht acu siúd ar an aois atá caite, an aois atá ann agus an aois atá le teacht.

Answer 7

Three women, the Norns, lived in the roots of the tree and had control over the past age, the present age and the age to come.

Question 8

Págánaigh ba ea na Lochlannaigh. Ciallaíonn Págánaigh go raibh a lán déithe éagsúla acu seachas Dia amháin. Seo cuid cuid acu:
Óidin
Thor
Fraer
Freya

Answer 8

The Vikings were pagans. Pagans mean that they had many different gods besides one God alone. Here are some of them:
Óidin
Thor
Fraer
Freya

Question 9

Odin
Príomhdhia na Lochlannach agus dia an chogaidh. Bhíodh sé ag marcaíocht ar chapall ochtchosach. Bhí cónaí air i halla Valhalla, in Asgard, an áit a ndeachaigh gach trodaí a fuair bás go cróga. Ba é Odin dia an chogaidh, an fheasa agus na filíochta.

Answer 9

Odin
The chief god of the Vikings and god of war. He used to ride an eight-legged horse. He lived in the hall of Valhalla, in Asgard, where all the brave warriors who died bravely went. Odin was the god of war, wisdom and poetry.

Question 10

Túr/Thor
Mac le hOdin, dia na spéire. Dia na toirní & na tintrí. Chaomhnaigh sé riail & reacht freisin. Bhí an-mheas ag na gnáthdhaoine air. Bhíodh ord mór ar iompar aige.

Answer 10

Thor
Son of Odin, God of the sky. God of the thunder and lightning. He also preserved rule & statute. He was highly regarded by the common people. He had a great order of conduct.

Question 11

Fraer

Dia an fhómhair agus na torthúlachta.

Answer 11

Fraer

God of Autumn and harvest.

Question 12

Frae/ Freya

Bandia an Ghrá.

Answer 12

Freya

Goddess of love.

Question 13

Domhnach: Sol, Bandia na Gréine, lá Sun.
Luan: Mani, Bandia na Gealaí lá Mani.
Máirt: Tyr, Dia an Chogaidh, lá Tyr.
Céadaoin: Oidin, An PhríomhDia, uaireanta tugadh Woden air, lá Woden.
Déardaoin: Thor, Dia na spéire, lá Thor.
Aoine: Frigg, Dia an phósa, lá Frigg

Answer 13

Sunday: Sol, Goddess of the Sun, Sun day.
Monday: Mani, Goddess of the Moon Mani day.
Tuesday: Tyr, God of War, Tyr day.
Wednesday: Oidin, The Chief God, sometimes called Woden, Woden day.
Thursday: Thor, God of the sky, Thor day.
Friday: Frigg, God of marriage, Frigg day

Question 14

Ba iad na fathaigh naimhde na ndéithe. Chreid na Lochlannaigh go dtiocfadh deireadh leis an saol, Ragnarök, le cath mór idir na déithe agus na fathaigh.

Answer 14

The giants were the enemies of the gods. The Vikings believed that life would end with, Ragnarök, great battle between the gods and the giants.

Question 15

Ceaptar go raibh na hiarlaí agus na ríthe i gceannas ar na searmanais reiligiúnda, agus go mbíodh féasta mar chuid de. Rinne siad íobairtí i bhfoirm ainmhithe - muca, madraí agus tairbh, ach capaill ach go háirithe.

Answer 15

The religious ceremonies are thought to have been presided over by the earls and kings, and included a feast. They made sacrifices in the form of animals - pigs, dogs and bulls, but especially horses.

Question 16

D’iompaigh na Lochlannaigh ina gCríostaithe tar éis dóibh a bheith i dteaghmáil leis an gcuid eile den Eoraip. Sa Danmhairg, mar shampla, thug an Rí Arald Gormfhiaclach cead do mhisinéirí an Chríostaíocht a scaipeadh agus d’iompaigh sé féin agus muintir na Danmhairge chun na Críostaíochta. Thóg sé séipéal san áit ar cuireadh a athair. Bhain na ríthe leas as an gCríostaíocht chun cur lena gcumhacht féin.

Answer 16

The Vikings converted to Christianity after being in contact with the rest of Europe. In Denmark, for example, King Arald Bluetooth allowed missionaries to spread Christianity and he and the Danes converted to Christianity. He built a church where his father was buried. The kings took advantage of Christianity to increase their own power.

Question 17

Rolo
Lochlannach a rinne ionsaí ar an bhFrainc. D’éirigh leis féin agus a arm dul chomh fada le Páras, ach d’éirigh leis na Francaigh an ceann ab fhearr a fháil air. Shínigh sé conradh le rí na Fraince sa bhliain 911 ina bhfuair sé an Normainn i dtuaisceart (North) na Fraince ar an gcoinníoll nach ndéanfaidís ionradh ar aon chuid eile den bhFrainc as sin amach agus go gcosnóidís an Fhrainc ó na Lochlannaigh eile.
D’éirigh go maith leis na Lochlannaigh a ndeachaigh chun cónaithe sa Normainn, thosaigh siad ag labhairt Fraincise agus bhí siad ina gCríostaithe dílse. Cuireadh sliochtach Rollo, Liam Concar, isteach mar rí Shasana in 1066.

Answer 17

Rolo
A Viking who invaded France. He and his army managed to get as far as Paris, but the French managed to get the best of him. He signed a treaty with the king of France in 911 in which he was given Normandy in the north of France on the condition that they would no longer invade any other part of France and protect France from the other Vikings.
The Vikings who settled in Normandy prospered, began to speak French and became devout Christians. Rollo ‘s descendant, Liam Concar, was put in for king of England in 1066.

Question 18

Arald Ghormfhiaclach
Rí págánach sa Danmhairg ó 958 go 986 a d’iompaigh
ina Chríostaí. Bhunaigh sé príomhchathair nua ag Roskilde.
D’éirigh leis an Danmhairg agus an Iorua a aontú faoina smacht.
Bhí sé ag iarraidh an tír a chosaint ó na Gearmánaigh agus thóg sé go leor dúnta. Fuair sé bás tar éis cath i gcoinne a mhic, Svein.

Answer 18

Arald Bluetooth
A pagan king in Denmark from 958 to 986 who converted into
a Christian. He founded a new capital at Roskilde.
Denmark and Norway have been able to unite under their control.
He wanted to defend the country from the Germans and built many forts. He died after a battle against his son, Svein.

Question 19

Svein Na Féasóige Dhá Bheann
Mac le hArald Ghormfhiaclach, chaith sé seal mar rí na Danmhairge, rí na hIorua agus rí na Shasana. Bhí eagla air roimh na Gearmánaigh, agus dá bhrí sin dhíbir sé na mhisnéirí Gearmánacha ón Danmhairg agus thug sé cuireadh do mhisnéirí ó Shasana. Bhí cúrsaí i Shasana ag titim as a chéile mar thoradh ar an rí mí-éifeachtach, Ethelred, a bhí acu. Fuair sé Danegeld (airgead) ó na Sasanaigh ionas nach ndéanfaidís ionradh orthu, ach d’athraigh sé sin nuair a rinne Ethelred cinneadh na Danmhargaigh ar fad i Sasana a mharú. Ceaptar go raibh deirfiúr Svein ina measc. Thosaigh ionsaithe bliantiúla ar Shasana ina dhiaidh sin. D’éirigh leis Sasana a ghabháil agus déanadh Rí Shasana de ar lá Nollag 1013. Fuair sé bás cúpla seachtain ina dhiaidh sin!

Answer 19

Svein Forkbeard
He served as king of Denmark, King of Norway and King of England. He was afraid of the Germans, and thus expelled the German missionaries from Denmark and invited missionaries from England. Things in England were falling apart as a result of their ineffective king, Ethelred. He got Danegeld (money) from the English so that they would not invade them, but that changed when Ethelred decided to kill all the Danes in England. Svein ‘s sister is thought to have been among them. Annual attacks on England followed. He succeeded in capturing England and was made King of England on Christmas Day 1013. He died a few weeks later!