CAGES And Education

Question 1

Social Class and Education underachievement

Answer 1

Underachievement can be internal (SFP) or external (friend groups)

• Internal
  Becker - Labelling
  Kids are labelled pos or neg based on social class

Ball - Streaming
m/c are more likely to be in higher sets
+ Subcultures

External
- Material Deprivation
Cooper - “hidden costs of education”
Cause disadvantages to w/c students

• Cultural Deprivation
• Cultural Capital
  Bernstein: speech codes
• Restricted (w/c) / Elaborated Code (m/c)

Sugarmann identified 4 features of w/c:
- Fatalism, - Collectivism, - PTO

Question 2

Gender and Education (W)

Answer 2

Girls do better than Boys in education
- almost a Quarter (25%) of grades received by girls where a 7 or above

External Factors: (for girls achievement)
- Growing Feminism
- changing Ambitions
- changes in employment

Internal Factors:
- positive role models
- equal opportunity
- League Tables - girls are more likely to be cream skimmed

Problems:
- Perry + Francis: Girls tend to choose feminine subjects
- Boyfriends and Hyper-sexual Female identities

Question 3

Gender and Education (M)

Answer 3

External Factors for underachieving
- Decline of Traditional Manual Jobs
- Differed Leisure Activities

Internal Factors:
- lower expectations
- anti school subculture

• lack of make role models in teaching
  However Francis found it doesn’t matter

Government Intervention
- Reading Champions 2007
- Fathers Engagement 2004

Question 4

Gender and Education (Differences)

Answer 4

Differences can occur due to:

• Gender Socialisation: Canalisation
• Subject Counselling: boys are advised on STEM subjects
• Subject Images: Subjects may be defined by a colour such as pink
• Peer Pressure: “my Friends took it so I did as well”

Schools can reinforce gender identity by:
- The male Gaze
- double standards
- male peer groups

Question 5

Ethnicity and Educational Achievemnet

Answer 5

External Factors:
Cultural Deprivation - underachievement is due to inadequate socialisation at home
- language skills - Restricted Code
- values and attitudes - Sugarmann
- family structure - modood, single parents (blk)

Sewell - Street gangs can cause a lack of focus on education

Material Deprivation:
Ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed compared to YTs

Racism in Society:
Discrimination leads to social exclusion
Wood - Surnames Evan and Patel study

Internal Factors:
- Labelling + streaming
- Subcultures: SFP

Institutional Racism -