CAFE_2014_2 Flashcards
1
Q
gangster
(CAFE #457)
“In the opera, the main character, who is a gangster named Nick Macheath, marries a woman named Polly Peachum.”
A
a person who is a member of a group of criminals; a person who is involved in crime organizations or gangs
- In the 1920s, many gangsters in the United States were involved in making and selling alcohol, which was illegal at that time.
2
Q
moritat
CAFE #457
“Brecht and Weill wrote the song called “Moritat” for the opera.”
A
a special kind of song sung in the Middle Ages written about murder or criminal acts, usually sung by traveling musicians
- The minstrel sang a moritat that told the tale of a man who killed his wives.
3
Q
up-tempo
(CAFE #457)
“Despite being a very what we would describe as “up-tempo” song, the lyrics are actually quite dark and unhappy.”
A
fast, cheerful, and/or happy, usually used to describe music
- We played up-tempo songs that everyone could tap their feet and clap their hands to.
4
Q
jackknife
CAFE #457
“Just a jackknife has old Macheath, babe
And he keeps it out of sight”
A
a small knife with a blade that folds into the handle so that it becomes small and can be easily stored or carried
- The hiker took a jackknife out of his pocket and used it to cut open the bag that held his tent.
5
Q
billow
CAFE #457
“You know when that shark bites with his teeth, babe
Scarlet billows start to spread”
A
a large amount of something, usually a cloud, smoke, or steam; a mass of something that moves like a wave
- Billows of smoke came out of the building that had caught on fire.
6
Q
to ooze
(CAFE #457)
“We meet, if you will, one of the bodies of someone that Mack has killed. It talks about a body “oozing life.””
A
to slowly release a liquid; to have liquid come out slowly from something, such as a container
- The honey oozed out of the bottle and slowly mixed into the yoghurt.
7
Q
cement
CAFE #457
“One thing you could do is use a bag of cement.”
A
a material often used for building that is made from lime, clay, sand, and water that begins as a liquid but becomes hard and heavy when dry
- Be careful! The cement sidewalks are still wet.
8
Q
serial killer
(CAFE #457)
“As the song ends, we’re reminded that Mack is not just a killer – he’s what we might describe as a “serial killer.””
A
a person who murders many people, often using similar methods in each killing
- One of the most famous serial killers in history is Jack the Ripper, who killed several women in London in 1888.
9
Q
reservation
CAFE #457
“This particular park is located in Utah and Arizona. It is on what we call a “reservation.””
A
an area of land that the United States government set aside to be used for groups of Native Americans to live on
- Visitors to our Native American reservation can watch a demonstration of how to make bread and weave rugs in traditional ways.
10
Q
petroglyph
CAFE #457
“Many of these rock formations contain what are called “petroglyphs.””
A
a picture that was drawn thousands of years ago, usually found on the sides of rocks or inside caves
- The oldest petroglyphs were found in caves in France and showed images of horses and people.
11
Q
prehistoric
(CAFE #457)
““Petroglyphs” (petroglyphs) are basically pictures that were drawn in what we would describe as “prehistoric times.””
A
referring to a time period thousands of years ago before people could write and when they lived in caves
- The wooly mammoth is an ancestor of the modern day elephant and lived in prehistoric times.
12
Q
stem
CAFE #457
A
the main body of a plant that usually grows out of the ground and that leaves grow from
- It’s surprising that a thin stem can have so many leaves and flowers growing out of it.
13
Q
stalk
CAFE #457
A
the thin section or support that a leaf, flower, or fruit is attached to
- Before cooking, remove the stalks, which are tough and difficult to eat.
14
Q
shoot
CAFE #457
A
a young branch that grows out from the main part of a tree or other plant
- It’s important to remove some of the shoots before they grow too long.
15
Q
indeed
CAFE #457
A
used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested
- It is indeed a pleasure to meet someone who is also a fan of early American architecture.
16
Q
scarlet
CAFE #457
A
a kind of red, the color red; bright red
“You know when that shark bites with his teeth, babe
Scarlet billows start to spread”
17
Q
discontinuous
CAFE #469
“Grover Cleveland is the only U.S. president to have been elected president in two discontinuous terms.”
A
when two things happen, one after the other, but there is a break or period of time between the two
- Both sisters attended the same university, but graduated in discontinuous years: 2000 and 2004.
18
Q
to be drafted
CAFE #469
“During the Civil War, Grover Cleveland was drafted into the military.”
A
to be required by the government to serve in the military in a time of war
- The last time any Americans were drafted was during the Vietnam War.
19
Q
to nominate
(CAFE #469)
“In 1881, several years after the Civil War, Grover Cleveland was nominated by the Democratic Party to run for the office of mayor of Buffalo, the city in which he
lived.”
A
to be chosen by a political party to be its representative in a political office; to be selected by a group of people to represent them
- Yentzu was nominated by her fellow students to speak to the university president about their concerns.
20
Q
mayor
CAFE #469
“This was an election for the “mayor” (mayor) of
Buffalo.”
A
an elected official who is in charge of a town or city
- The mayor organized a citywide parade to congratulate the winning sports team.
21
Q
to veto
CAFE #469
“Cleveland was elected mayor of Buffalo. He became known as the “veto mayor.””
A
when an elected official says that he or she will not sign a bill (proposal for a law) that has already been approved by another branch (part) of government; when someone refuses to approve of something other people have
already decided on
- Masha, Natalie, and Sven agreed that they should all go to Guy’s Pizza for dinner but Olaf vetoed that idea because he said Vito’s had better pizza.
22
Q
commerce
(CAFE #469)
“He also passed a law called the “Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.” This turned out to be one of the most important laws in the history of commerce – that is,
business – in the United States.”
A
trade; the business of buying and selling
- Commerce between the two countries was at its highest in 50 years, which benefited both of their economies.
23
Q
tariff
(CAFE #469)
“In 1888, when Cleveland was running for his second term for re-election as president, the big issue in the country was something called “protective tariffs.””
A
a tax that is put on a particular good or item, especially when brought to sell from another country
- Many countries have tariffs on rice, wheat, and flour to protect its own farmers.
24
Q
to oppose
CAFE #469
“He was opposed to these tariffs.”
A
to not support; to be against something or someone
- Alec wanted to sell their family company, but his sister, Nicolette, opposed the idea because she wanted to lead the company herself.
25
depression
| CAFE #469
"In 1893, the United States began one of the worst economic depressions in its history."
when a country’s economy has serious problems and many people lose their jobs and often, their savings
* During the Great Depression of 1929, many people were forced to leave their homes because they had no money to pay the rent.
26
to repeal
| CAFE #469
"He tried to repeal some of these laws."
to reverse a law; to make something that was once a law not a law anymore
* In 1933, Congress repealed the laws making the sale and manufacture of alcohol illegal.
27
to go on strike
| CAFE #469
"In May of 1894, the men who worked on the railroads went on strike."
when a group of people refuses to do something because they want an organization or another group of people to change
* When the subway workers went on strike, everyone who lived in the city was forced to walk to work.
28
trustee
| CAFE #469
"Cleveland gave lectures at the university and was also a trustee of the university."
a person who helps an organization or an individual manage their money and decide how the money should be used
* The trustees met and decided that it would be appropriate for Amir to use some of the money in his trust to buy a house.
29
to understand
| CAFE #469
for one’s mind to perceive and comprehend the intended
meaning of something, such as words, a language, or a speaker
* Meli didn’t really understand the math assignment and had to get Sarah’s help.
30
to grab
| CAFE #469
to grasp; to seize; to take in one’s hand suddenly and roughly
* I know you’re scared, but stop grabbing my sweater. You’ll ruin it!
31
to grasp
| CAFE #469
to understand; to comprehend; to hold tightly in one’s hand
* It’s difficult to grasp these difficult new ideas when the professor speaks so quickly.
32
to get (it)
| CAFE #469
to understand; to comprehend
* I get it. You’re trying to tell me you don’t want to go without hurting my feelings.
33
-hood
| CAFE #469
suffix used for forming nouns to indicate a condition or quality, or a collection or group
* How are Dina and Hamid enjoying parenthood as first-time parents?
34
massacre
| CAFE #468
"The Jonestown Massacre took place, or happened, on
November 18, 1978."
a killing of a large number of people in a very violent and terrible way
* The barnyard looked like the scene of a massacre after the foxes got into the chicken pen and killed all of the chickens.
35
to be affiliated with
(CAFE #468)
"He was the head of a church even though he had no training in church leadership and was not affiliated with any religious group."
to be officially attached or connected to another person or organization
* Smaller airlines are often affiliated with larger ones so that they can offer more flights to customers.
36
temple
| CAFE #468
"He called his church the “People’s Temple.”"
a building built for religious worship and used by people to gather and to perform ceremonies
* The temple was open to the public on Saturday morning for Passover services.
37
charismatic
| CAFE #468
"One of the reasons he was so successful is that he was a very charismatic man."
having a personality that attracts other people and makes them want to follow that person and do what he or she says to do
* Many people loved John F. Kennedy not only because he was good looking and smart but because he was charismatic.
38
to owe (someone) (something)
| CAFE #468
"Instead, he wanted the politicians – especially those in the local government – to owe him something."
to be required or obligated to help someone because that person helped you
* Yvette paid for Hiro’s coffee when he forgot his wallet so he said that he owed her a coffee the next time they went out.
39
to be blackmailed
| CAFE #468
"Some people were beaten, some people were blackmailed."
for a person to know a secret about another person and to promise not to tell anyone in return for money or favors
* Senator Jones was being blackmailed $1,200 a month to keep photographs of him doing illegal drugs hidden.
40
commune
| CAFE #468
"He started his own little commune in Guyana."
a place where a large group of people live together and share their belongings and possessions, working together for the benefit of the group
* There were no locks on any of the doors in the commune so that everyone had access to whatever they needed, whenever they needed it.
41
to be held against (one’s) will
(CAFE #468)
"The reason he wanted to investigate is because he had received information that some people living in Jonestown were being held against their will."
for a person who does not want to stay in a place to not be allowed to leave; to be kept prisoner
* The rebels held the reporters against their will until the government sent in the military to rescue them.
42
to be disbanded
| CAFE #468
"After the Jonestown Massacre, as it was called, the People’s Temple was disbanded."
when a group or an organization stops operating or working and is no longer working as a group
* The chess club disbanded when they couldn’t find enough people to participate.
43
bankruptcy
| CAFE #468
"The Temple also declared bankruptcy."
a legal status indicating that a person or organization has no money to pay what it owes and cannot continue to operate
* The company declared bankruptcy and over 200 people lost their jobs.
44
caller
| CAFE #468
"Also in the room there is a group of musicians or some music and what is called a “caller”."
at a square dance, the person who calls out loud which dance moves should be done next
* The dancers listened closely as the caller shouted the moves over the music.
45
revival
(CAFE #468)
"Some people say that younger people are now getting interested in square dancing, that there has been a revival in the popularity of square dancing."
when something that has stopped happening or gone out of fashion becomes popular again
* The theater performed a revival of one of Shakespeare’s lesser-known plays.
46
perspective
| CAFE #468
a particular attitude toward something; a way of thinking about something; a point of view
* It’s hard for the very rich to see life from the perspective of someone struggling to earn enough money to live from one day to the next.
47
prospective
| CAFE #468
regarding a person, expected or expecting him or her to be something in the future; likely to happen at a future date
* The real estate agent will be showing the prospective buyers our house today.
48
prospect
| CAFE #468
the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring
* Juno isn’t looking forward to the prospect of visiting her in-laws.
49
scheme
| CAFE #468
a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for reaching a goal or putting a particular idea into effect
* The mayor says she has a scheme to improve safety on the streets.
50
schema
| CAFE #468
a way of showing or representing a plan or idea in an outline or model; an image showing the parts of an idea and/or the relationships of those parts
* This schema shows how the brain sends messages to different parts of the body.
51
heart condition
| CAFE #468
a disease or disorder of the heart; a medical problem with one’s heart
* Lisa’s heart condition makes it difficult for her to do strenuous exercise.
52
cyanide
| CAFE #468
"They died by drinking a fruit-flavored drink that had poison called “cyanide” in it."
a very strong poison
氰化物
53
fairy tale
| CAFE #467
"In 1917, Walt Disney saw a film version of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale “Little Snow White.”"
a story that is typically told to children about magic and imaginary creatures and lands
* Many fairy tales feature princesses, dragons, and beautiful castles.
54
animated
| CAFE #467
"We begin this Café talking about the very first animated movie or film."
a type of film created using a series of drawings or pictures that are placed together in order to show action, similar to real life
* People often think that animated films are only for children, but many adults enjoy them, too.
55
folly
| CAFE #467
"In fact, they sometimes referred to Walt Disney’s ideas for this animated movie as “Disney’s Folly.”"
a foolish action or idea; a very silly action or idea
* It would be folly to quit your job and move to another country without first making plans.
56
vain
(CAFE #467)
"You can either have a stepmother or a stepfather. In traditional stories, stepmothers are usually very wicked, very evil, very vain in some cases – at least, that was the case with Snow White’s stepmother."
a characteristic of a person who thinks very highly of himself or herself, especially in terms of his or her appearance or looks
* The woman was so vain that she refused to have a picture taken of her without having applied special makeup.
57
fair
| CAFE #467
"She was asking who was the “fairest” in her country."
an old-fashioned term meaning beautiful or very pretty
* Marilyn Monroe was considered the fairest woman in the country by many.
58
cottage
| CAFE #467
"Well, what does Snow White do? She runs and finds a small cottage."
a small and simple house, often found in the countryside
* Anita plans to spend the summer living in the cottage on her grandma’s farm.
59
dwarf
(CAFE #467)
"Snow White meets the people who live in the cottage.
And who lives in the cottage? Well, of course, seven dwarfs."
In fairy tales, a creature that looks like a short and stocky (with a thick body) human who is usually involved with metalwork or mining
* In The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien, the dwarfs live in caves and mines under the mountains.
The seven dwarfs are named “Doc,”(Doctor), “Grumpy,” (very unhappy), “Happy,” “Sleepy,” “Bashful,”(very shy), “Sneezy” and “Dopey”(very stupid).
60
coffin
| CAFE #467
"The dwarfs put Snow White into a coffin."
a box into which dead bodies are placed so that they can be buried
* One of the decisions the family had to make at the funeral home was what kind of coffin they wanted their father to be buried in.
61
homerun
| CAFE #467
"In a baseball game when she was just a girl, she hit five home runs."
in baseball, when a player hits the baseball out of the ballpark or far enough so that he or she is able to run around all the bases and get back to home plate to score a point for the team
* Mickey DiMaggio hit a homerun to win the game.
62
All-American
| CAFE #467
"During that time, she was given the title or the award of “all-American” player."
an athlete who is recognized by their team and the country for being an outstanding athlete in their particular sport
* It was no surprise that Mike Montana won the award for best college football player, since he had been named All-American for three years in a row.
63
track and field
(CAFE #467)
"Didrikson was an all-American basketball player, but in
addition to playing basketball, Didrikson also participated in what we call “track and field.”"
a series of sporting events that include running around a track for various distances, throwing different objects, and jumping long distances
* During competitions, the track and field events often take place at the same time, with runners competing on the track while throwers and jumpers compete on the field.
64
amateur
| CAFE #467
"So, she started as an amateur and then played as a professional."
a person who participates in a sport or activity requiring knowledge and/or skill but who is not paid for it
* No one could believe that Andre McEnroe was an amateur tennis player when he beat the reigning world champion.
65
to deliver
| CAFE #467
to bring and hand over something, such as a letter or package, to the person who should receive it
* If I call the flower shop today, I can arrange for flowers to be delivered to my mother on her birthday.
66
to distribute
| CAFE #467
to give the proper items or parts of something to each person; to deal out; to give to each person
* When we get the new shipment in, we’ll distribute the new products to each store. to ship – to
67
to ship
| CAFE #467
to transport people or goods, usually by ship, airplane, train, or truck
* If I purchase this online, can it be shipped to my address in Alaska?
68
tonsure
| CAFE #467
a part of a monk's or priest's head left bare on top by shaving off the hair, in the shape of a circle
* When Samuel became a monk, he wore a tonsure like all of the other monks.
69
bald spot
| CAFE #467
an area of a person's head that has no hair, most common in men and usually due to age or illness
* Jermaine felt old when he noticed that the small bald spot on his head was getting bigger.
70
to ward off
| CAFE #467
to prevent something from occurring; to keep from happening
* My mother believed that wearing garlic around the neck would ward off a cold.
71
star
| CAFE #466
"We were very much stars and got a lot of attention, and people always knew we
were the Friedman twins."
a person who is very good at doing something and is famous or at least recognized for doing something well
* Saeed has always been a star in the classroom, while his brother has been a
star in sports.
72
twins
| CAFE #466
"Joan Friedman is a psychotherapist who specializes in twin issues."
two people who are born to the same mother at the same time
* When Justin first started dating Samantha, he sometimes mistook her for her twin.
73
identity
(CAFE #466)
"But then as we became older and you wanted to have your own identity, people really didn’t know who we were."
how one views and defines oneself; the characteristics and way of thinking that makes one who one is
* Gregorio had always viewed himself as an athlete, but after the car accident left him paralyzed, he had to create a new identity for himself.
74
to be noticed
| CAFE #466
"It was a sense of sort of like being noticed, but not being known."
to be seen or observed; to be easily seen by others
* Most of those trees were never really noticed by passersby until they were cut down one day.
75
to project
(CAFE #466)
"People just project a lot of their own concerns to separate twins, that you’re breaking that twin connection, you’re going to, in some way, interfere with their loving one another."
to put an image onto a large screen; to imagine that one’s own opinions, feelings, or beliefs are true for another person
* Anthropologists have to learn to avoid projecting their own values onto people from other cultures.
76
to interfere with
(CAFE #466)
"People just project a lot of their own concerns to separate twins, that you’re
breaking that twin connection, you’re going to, in some way, interfere with their loving one another."
to have some affect or influence on someone or something, especially a negative influence
* Please don’t interfere with these experiments, as any changes might affect the
results.
77
resilience
(CAFE #466)
"If you give them experiences where they learn to be on their own, where they learn to rely on themselves, they develop a resilience so that they can feel they can be their own
persons."
an ability to overcome hardship and recover from difficulties or challenges
* Vladislav showed a lot of resilience when he recovered from his battle with cancer.
78
to be (one’s) own person
(CAFE #466)
"If you give them experiences where they learn to be on their own, where they learn to rely on themselves, they develop a resilience so that they can feel they can be their own
persons."
to understand oneself and be comfortable pursuing one’s interests and passions, without worrying too much about other people’s opinions or expectation
* Francesca couldn’t wait to move out of her parents’ home and be her own person.
79
co-dependence
(CAFE #466)
"If not, then they develop this overdependence, or really a codependence, because they've never been without each other.”
an unhealthy psychological condition in which someone is too reliant on another person for emotional support, so much so that he or she cannot function well without that other person
* They’re seeing a psychologist in the hopes that he can help them work through their issues of co-dependence.
80
to dress alike
(CAFE #466)
"I have certain things that I always tell parents, which is, of course, not to dress
them alike, and not to give them alliterative names like Tom and Tony and Natalie and Nancy, but to give them different names."
to put two or more people in the same clothing or very similar clothing
* Sometimes little girls like to dress alike with their best friends.
81
alliterative
(CAFE #466)
"I have certain things that I always tell parents, which is, of course, not to dress
them alike, and not to give them alliterative names like Tom and Tony and Natalie and Nancy, but to give them different names."
using alliteration, the literary tool or technique of using words that start with the same sound
* They want to pick an alliterative name for their business, like “Crazy Coffee.”
82
alone time
(CAFE #466)
"And alone time is really what I feel is the most . . . if you take one to the grocery store, take the other one to the park, which gives you a sense of a connection with both babies."
time spent by oneself, without being around other people
* After a long and stressful week at work, Hannah just wanted some alone time when no one would place any demands on her.
83
to revoke
| CAFE #466
to no longer give permission to do something; to no longer allow the doing or the operation of something
* If the police catch you drinking and driving, your license will be revoked.
84
to nullify
| CAFE #466
to invalidate; to make something no longer of use or value
* This new data nullifies all of our earlier conclusions.
85
to rescind
| CAFE #466
to revoke; to cancel, especially a law, order, or agreement
* The policy was so unpopular that the management team decided to rescind it.
86
waste
| CAFE #466
material that is not wanted; the unusable parts of something; garbage
* The factory is looking for ways to make its waste less harmful to humans.
87
bon voyage
| CAFE #466
a French expression meaning “good journey,” used to express good wishes to someone before he or she goes on a journey
* A: I’m going on my vacation to South Africa next week.
B: Bon voyage!
88
folk song
| CAFE #465
"Seeger was an incredible songwriter, especially of folk music."
a traditional song that has a simple tune and words, but that often has an important meaning or tells a story
* John Denver sang many famous folk songs including, “Leaving on a Jet Plane.”
89
tune
(CAFE #465)
"A “folk song” is a song that usually has a pretty simple or easy tune, or music and words, but that often has a very important meaning."
the music that goes along with the words of a song
* The song had a really happy tune so everyone tapped their feet and clapped their hands.
90
labor rights
(CAFE #465)
"In 1949, when Seeger and Hays wrote “If I Had a Hammer,” one problem in American society, at least according to the songwriters, was related to labor
rights."
the idea that all workers should be treated in a fair way, including getting paid a fair amount of money, working in a safe environment, and working limited hours
* The workers said that they would not do any more work until their bosses began obeying the laws that protected their labor rights.
91
reasonable
| CAFE #465
"Labor rights also include the idea of working a reasonable number of hours each week."
fair; sensible; practical
* I think that $10 is a reasonable price for a large pizza.
92
civil rights movement
(CAFE #465)
"Part of the reason for this was that in 1962, the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to become more important in American politics."
the effort to get the same protection under the law and
in society for African Americans and other minority people that white people had
* During the civil rights movement, many people spoke out about the unfair treatment of African Americans.
93
to hammer out
(CAFE #465)
"The first definition of the phrasal verb “to hammer out” is related to the idea of changing something or of getting rid of something you don’t want."
to change something; to cause something to disappear; to cause; to give
* There’s a dent in this old military helmet, but I don’t think I’ll hammer it out.
94
justice
| CAFE #465
"No, this is a “hammer of Justice.”"
the law; the court system that enforces the law
* The family of the murdered man wanted the killer to face justice and be punished for his crime.
95
hospice
| CAFE #465
"They also help people who have family members in what is called a “hospice.”"
a special kind of medical care for someone who is dying
* When Amir’s grandmother entered hospice care, he stayed by her side as much as possible because he knew she did not have long to live.
96
mental illness
(CAFE #465)
"Social workers, especially clinical social workers, often work with people who have mental illnesses or behavioral problems."
a serious medical problem that affects a person’s mind and emotions
* Depression is a mental illness that, for many people, can be helped by taking medication.
97
behavioral problem
(CAFE #465)
"Social workers, especially clinical social workers, often work with people who have mental illnesses or behavioral problems."
a way of acting that is not expected or acceptable, and is
sometimes caused by emotional problems
* Sadia’s teacher told her parents that her biting and hitting were serious behavioral problems in the classroom.
98
psychological
| CAFE #465
"During their studies, students learn a lot about the psychological part of people’s lives."
related to one’s mind, particularly one’s thoughts and emotions
* Studies show that spending time in the sun has a positive psychological effect and can make people happier.
99
practicum
(CAFE #465)
"In the master’s degree, as well as in the bachelor’s degree, there’s typically what’s called a “practicum” for the students."
an unpaid job in a real-life setting where a student gets experience working with regular people and using what they have learned in school
* Minal was very excited about her practicum where she would be working in a women’s health clinic.
100
supervised experience
(CAFE #465)
"People who get a masters degree in social work are also required to complete two years of what is called “supervised experience.”"
a job where one is watched by a superior or boss who
is available for guidance and help
* When Daichi was going through his supervised experience, he met with his boss once a week to discuss his patients.
101
to dismantle
| CAFE #465
to take apart into pieces a machine or structure
* The international agreement says that both countries have to dismantle their nuclear bombs.
102
to disassemble
| CAFE #465
to take something apart, usually something that had once
been put together
* I put together the bookcase incorrectly and had to disassemble it before trying again.
103
guilt
| CAFE #465
having committed a crime or done something illegal; the feeling of having done something wrong
* All of us feel some level of guilt for not realizing earlier that Molina had a problem.
104
blame
| CAFE #465
responsibility for something bad or wrong that occurred or exists
* Instead of trying to find someone to blame, let’s focus on fixing the problem.
105
to cross the great divide
| CAFE #465
to die; to cross the space or difference between two
groups that is difficult to ignore or overcome; to travel a part of the continental divide formed by the Rocky Mountains in the United States
* None of us wants to cross the great divide without saying goodbye to our loved ones.
106
decade
(CAFE #464)
"The economy during the decade of the 1920s was what we might describe as “booming” and was an economy in which people were making and spending a lot of money."
a period of 10 consecutive (one following another) years
* Simone couldn’t believe a decade had passed since she graduated high school.
107
booming
(CAFE #464)
"The economy during the decade of the 1920s was what we might describe as “booming” and was an economy in which people were making and spending a lot of money."
very successful; with rapid growth and success
* Thanks to the new sports stadium and all the people who went to see the games, business in the downtown area is booming.
108
to be independent
(CAFE #464)
"There were also a lot of interesting cultural trends during this decade – new music and dances became popular, and young people, at least in the United
States, were becoming more independent."
to be able to make one’s own decisions and not have to
depend on other people or follow someone else’s rules
* Hiro was excited to finally be independent and live in his own apartment.
109
roaring
| CAFE #464
"For this reason, the years during this decade are called the “Roaring Twenties.”"
exciting, fast, and with a lot of energy; lively and noisy
* Between visiting the casinos and restaurants and seeing shows, the Nebhnani family had a roaring good time in Las Vegas.
110
invention
| CAFE #464
"For one thing, they wanted some of the new inventions of this time."
something that is made that has never been made before; the creation of something new
* The light bulb is perhaps one of the most important inventions of the 1800s.
111
flapper
(CAFE #464)
"For younger women in the 1920s, the most popular clothing to wear – at least, if you were going to a party – was that of a flapper."
a young woman who wore her hair cut short to a length around her chin and who wore short skirts, drank alcohol, smoked, and was much more open sexually than women of previous generations
* Mothers in the 1920s hoped that their daughters would be good girls and would not become flappers.
112
corset
| CAFE #464
"In traditional dresses, women often wore something called a “corset.”"
a piece of clothing women wore under dresses made of hard and stiff material and tied very tight to give them the appearance of having a smaller waist
* When women wore their corsets too tight, they were at risk of breaking ribs.
113
jazz
| CAFE #464
"In fact, the 1920s is sometimes called the “Jazz Age.”"
a kind of music that has very strong rhythms and is usually played on instruments such as the trumpet, saxophone, and piano
* Duke Ellington played the trumpet and is one of the most famous jazz musicians of all time.
114
to improvise
| CAFE #464
"“Improvisation” is a very important part of jazz music."
to create and do or perform something as it happens, not having planned it in advance
* Masha hadn’t planned on having guests for dinner, so when her friends arrived unexpectedly, she had to improvise and make them a meal.
115
to become established
| CAFE #464
"Most of the film industry became established here in the city of Los Angeles."
to become known as being good and of high quality;
to become know to people in a community or field
* Once Dr. Nuhu became established as the top doctor for teenagers in the area, everyone wanted to take their teens to see her.
116
story
(CAFE #464)
"Over 10 million bricks were used, four and a half stories, that is, levels of the building were built each week."
a floor or level in a building
* Alper lives in apartment 402, which is on the fourth floor of a six-story building.
117
observatory
| CAFE #464
"On these floors, there are observatories."
a place in a building that allows a person to see a great distance; a building where a telescope is placed, allowing one to see into space
* People have been watching the stars and planets for hundreds of years from this observatory.
118
Indian (Asian)
| CAFE #464
relating to or a person from India or the subcontinent comprising India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
* If you like vegetarian food, try this Indian restaurant serving food from southern India.
119
Indian
| CAFE #464
American Indian; Native American; relating to or a member of any of the native groups of people who lived in the Americas before Europeans arrived
* Julia painted an American Indian design on this wall to represent her tribe.
120
to blow up
| CAFE #464
to explode; to break into pieces in a violent way as a result of pressure from within; to cause something to explode
* If you get that cigarette too close to the gas tank, your car may blow up.
121
to explode
| CAFE #464
to break into pieces in a violent way as a result of pressure from within
* The factory exploded as a result of a gas leak.
122
staging ground
| CAFE #464
a place where something is planned or started, often used for military actions
* Citizens can express their views if they want to, but a playground shouldn’t be a staging ground for political protests.
