Caesar Part 2 Flashcards
In what year does Caesar’s niece, Atia, give birth to a son
63 BC
What is the name of the son of Caesar’s niece, Atia
Octavius
Who will Octavius be in the future
Emperor Augustus
At the time of Octavius’ birth, who was Pontifex Maximus
Quintus Metellus Pius
What was the role of the Pontifex Maximus
-Head Pontifex
-Supervised Vestal Virgins
-Can make laws concerning religious life
- Lives in a state residence (Domus Publica)
-Has an office in the Forum
After Metellus dies in 63 BC, who are the two main candidates running for Pontifex Maximus
Quintus Lutatius Catulus &Publius Servilius Isauricus
-(Caesar later joined race)
Who was Quintus Lutatius Catulus
Leader of the Senate
Who was Publius Servilius Isauricus
Senior senator who had annexed the province of CIlicia
Why was Caesar so far in debt during the Pontifex Maximus elections?
We would pay mass amounts of people to vote for him
Who approached Caesar with a deal after seeing him rack up voters? What was the offer?
-Catalus
-If Caesar withdrew, Catulus would pay him a boatload of cash
How does Caesar respond to Catalus’ offer regarding Pontifex Maximus
By borrowing even more money, taxing his credit to the limit, to pay for more bribes
What does Caesar tell his mother (Aurelia) on the day of the Pontifex Maximus election?
“Mother, today I will return as pontifex maximus — or not at all.”
Who wins the Pontifex Maximus election after the death of Metellus
Caesar
What tribune was one of Caesar’s chief political allies at the time of him becoming Pontifex Maximus
Titus Labienus (supporter of Pompey & same age as Caesar)
What policy had Titus Labienus and Caesar worked together to change
-Under Sulla, Pontifex Maximus was ellected within the College of Pontiffs
-Caesar and Labienus changed to the law to election by popular vote
Who denied Crassus’ proposal of land reform?
Cicero
Who did Caesar and Labienus charge with high treason in response to Cicero denying Crassus’ proposal of land reform
An old senator, Gaius Rabirius, who had been in a mob involved in the death of a tribune (Saturnius) following an attempted rebellion stopped by Marius
What does Caesar do to avoid a lengthy trial with Rabirius
Calls for an outdated form of trial consisting of only two judges, rigging it so that he becomes on of the jugdes
What does Caesar sentence Rabirius to
to be crucified on the Campus Martius
Who saves Rabirius from being crucified
Metellus Celer
How does Metellus Celer stop Rabirius’ crucifixion
Remebers an old rule for these trials
-In order for a verdict to be allowed, a flag had to be flown from the Janiculum hill
-Metellus runs to the hill and pulls down the flag
Following Caesar’s botched trial of Rabirius, who is the attorney that gets Rabirius acquitted
Cicero
Who is the Numidian noble that Caesar defends that was brought on charges by the king of Numidia?
Masintha
Who was the prince of Numidia that was also at the trial of Masintha
Juba
What does Caesar do at the trial of Masintha
He yanks Juba’s beard (Juba perma-salty)
In what year is Cicero elected Consul
63 BC
What is it called when you are the first in your family to be elected consul
novus homo
What social class was Cicero’s family from?
equestrian
During Cicero’s consulship, who started the conspiracy against Rome
Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline)
Who had Catiline served under with Pompey and Cicero during the Social War
Strabo
What evil things had Catliline done
-Supported Sulla and the proscriptions
-murdered Cicero’s cousin
-maimed and beheaded his brother-in-law, parading the head through Rome, throwing at Sulla’s feet
-murdered his first wide and son so he could marry a richer, hotter woman
-was put on trial for committing adultery with a Vestal Virgin
In 68 BC, Cataline was the what of North Africa
propraetor (similar to proconsul; corrupt like most governors)
In 65 BC, what did Catiline start for revenge after not being elected Consul
the first Catalinarian Conspiracy (falls apart)
When does Catiline run for Consul a second time?
63 BC
Who are the two other candidates when Catiline is running for Consul?
Cicero and Antonius Hybrida
When Cicero and Hybrida win, how does Cicero basically get to rule alone?
Cicero makes a deal with Hybrida
-says that he will give him the rich province of Macedonia if he leaves Cicero alone and ditches Catiline
After Catiline fails again at Consul, who does he hold a grudge against the most?
Cicero
What does Catiline start after he fails for consulship the third time
the second catinarian conspiracy
What is the plan for the 2nd Catilinarian Conspiracy?
-recruit disgruntled poor and disaffected nobles
-march on Rome in October 63 BC
-set fire to the city
-kill his enemies
-make himself ruler
-put Cicero’s head on a pike
Who was the main informant of Crassus that kept telling him about the meetings Catiline was having?
Fluvia
How does Catiline make his men swear to be loyal after he found out some had snitched
“He sacrificed a boy and, after administering the oath over his entrails, ate them in company with others”
Who was Catiline’s friend that had an army waiting to attack Rome in Etruria
Manlius
Whose house is Catiline place on house arrest at
Metellus Celer
Who was the wife of Metlleus Celer
Clodia
Who was the brother of Clodia
Publius Clodius Pulcher
How does Cicero prove that the senate wanted to exile Catiline but were to afraid to say so
Cicero asks the Senate if they want to exile Catiline
-few say anything
-Cicero then asks if they want to exile this really respected Senator
-everyone says no
When Catiline flees, who keeps the consipiracy going in his place?
Lentulus
After Fulvia rats out Lentulus’ plan to kill senators and kidnapping Pompey’s children, who does Cicero ask for help in trapping the conspirators
the Allobrogian Gauls
How does Cicero and the Gauls trap the conspirators?
-the conspirators try and get them to join
-the Allobroges listen then promptly rat the conspirators out to Cicero
-they produce documented proof of the conspiracy
-Stockpiled weapons are discovered in a conspirator’s house
-The conspirators are rounded up and put under arrest
What punishment do all Senior senators vote for the conspirators to receive
ultima poena (harshest possible punishment)
What does Caesar warn the senate against doing when punishing the conspirators
Caesar warns them about execution without trials
When the senate is about to vote for exile, who steps and starts to say Caesar is also in on the conspiracy
Cato
What did Cato do when Caesar got a letter while he was accusing him of conspiracy
Read it out loud to prove that he was a conspirator
-the letter was actually a love letter from Cato’s stepsister, Servilia, the wife of one of the senators present (also mother of Brutus)
After the conspirators ate executed, what title does the Senate bestow upon Cicero?
pater patriae
Why won’t Cicero stop talking about his consulship and how he put down the 2nd Catilinarian Conspiracy?
Dignitas (a political and social attribute composed of his own achievements and his ancestors)
Who vetoes Cicero as he is about to give his farewell speech
Metellus Nepos
When is Caesar elected praetor
62 BC
Who was tasked with rebuilding the temple of Jupiter but never actually finished it?
Catulus
To continue his vengeance, which tribune does Caesar support
Metellus Nepos
Who is also Tribune at the time of Caesar being praetor
Cato
What does Cato do when Nepos tries to propose a bill
-Nepos motions to the clerk to read the bill
Cato yells “VETO!”
-The clerk is confused so Nepos grabs the bill to read himself
Cato snatches it from his hand and tears it up
-Nepos starts to recite from memory
Cato throws covers Nepos’ mouth with his hand
After Cato does denies Nepos speaking, what happens
his thugs start beating everyone and start a huge fight
What act of Caesar makes the Senate beg him to be praetor again?
He dispels the mob wanting to overthrow the Senate
What is the Bona Dea Festival
-religious party for nature goddess
-absolutely no men
-held at senior politician’s house
-Vestal Virgins and other prominent women
-dancing and wine
Who held the Bona Dea Festival the year of the scandal
Aurelia (Caesar’s mother), his wife Pompeia is also in attendance
Who infiltrated the Bona Dea festival
Publius Clodius Pulcher because he thought it would be funny to seduce Pompeia (Caesar’s wife)
Why did Caesar divorce Pompeia
there were rumors she slept with Pulcher
Who prosecuted Pulcher for the Bona Dea Festival
Cicero
In 61 BC, where does Caesar begin his propraetorship
Further Spain
After dismissing his armies, what two bits of Legislation does Pompey give to the Senate
-ratification of his eastern conquests
-grants of land for his veterans
Who is the Spanish businessman that Caesar becomes friends with
Lucius Cornelius Balbus
What does the Senate grant Caesar for all the disputes he settled among the tribes in Spain
A triumph
What would happen if you got a Triumpth
-the highest honor granted a general
-general would rise in a four-horse chariot
-accompanied by his bodyguards
-trophies of conquest heaped on carts before him
-prisoners of war march in chains behind him
-a slave stands next to the general, whispering in his ears
What was the problem for Caesar when getting a Triumph
-in order to reveive a triumph, the general had to wait outside the city gates
-if he entered, the triumph was forfeit
-Caesar need to go into the city to run for Consul
What does Cato do when the Senate is just about to allow Caesar to be an exception
Cato filibusters for like 12 hours until the sun goes down and the Senate can’t meet after dark
Who was running for Consul that had previously has to shar all the other offices with Caesar
Bibulus
What does Caesar make a pact with to fund his Consulship?
Lucius Lucceius
When are Caesar and Bibulus elected Consul
59 BC
What social class did Crassus belong to
The equites
Who is in the Triumvirate
Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
When was the First Triumvirate established
60 BC
Who was the tribune that did nothing for free?
Publius Vatinius
What was Caesar’s first major act as Consul
Proposing Land Reform
As a concession to the Senate, what land had to be left untouched by Caesar’s land reform bill
Campania (Roman 30A)
What did Caesar’s land reform bill include
-A land commission would be formed to oversee the plan
-No one would be removed from their land involuntarily
-All current ownership would be recognized
-Land redistributed would be paid for at the current value by the state
-All payments would come out of the massive amounts of taxes and tribute from the East
-The whole plan would not cost the Roman treasury anything
Why couldn’t the Senate let Caesar pass his land reform bill
because it would increase his popularity
How does Bibulus prevent Caesar from passing his land reform bill
BIbulus makes every day holy or unlucky, making official work illegal
What happens on the day of the Land Reform vote
a riot breaks out, animal poop is dumped on Bibulus’s head, making him stay in house for a year
-the Senate now fears the triumvirate
Who is the old man in the Senate that objects Caesar’s new Land Reform bill
Lucullus
When Caesar gets a new Land Reform bill that had Campania as fair game passed, what does he do to make all future politicians make sure to stays in effect
All future politicians had to swear to the gods they wouldn’t tamper with the law
How does Caesar respond to Lucullus objecting the new Land Reform Bill
he lists off all the crimes Lucullus committed in the east before Pompey got there
How does Caesar make sure that Pompey doesn’t leave the Triumvirate
he marries shim to his daughter, Julia
Who was Julia’s fiancé that was about to get married to her before Pompey
Servilius Caepio
Who does Pompey give Servilius Caepio in return
His own daughter, Pompeia
Who does Caesar now marry
Calpurnia, the daughter of next year’s consul Lucius Calpurnius Piso
Who is Clodius Pulcher adopted by so shat he can be a tribune and ruin Cicero’s life?
Publius Fontius
As soon as he is Tribune, what does Clodius Pulcher do
-Grain is now free
-Restored the right of association (which meant that clubs could be formed for young folk to hang out in)
-Tribunes can propose unlimited legislation
-Censors are limited on whom they can expel from the Senate
Clodius acts nice toward Cicero and promes not to prosecute him. Who does Clodius blame for him and Cicero failing out before
Cicero’s wife Terentia
After that, what are the next two things that Clodius Pulcher does?
-he buys off teh next years consuls by giving them two tich provinces to govern
-makes the punishement exile for and public officials who executed or ever had executed a citizen without a trail
What is the law that Caesar wrote to stop corrupt proconsuls
Lex Julia
Where does Caesar go to conquer to avoid being prosecuted
Gaul
How long is Caesar in Gaul for
8 years (58-50 BC)
Who were Caesar’s trusted lieutenants in Gaul
-Labienus - his former tribune pal with whom they’d tried to convict Rabirius
-Publius Crassus - son of Crassus
-Marcus Antonius - Mark Antony, a lady-loving, drunken frat boy
-Decimus Brutus
-Quintus Cicero - brother of Cicero
In what year does Caesar bring troops to Britain
55 BC
After it was a disaster last time, when did Caesar go back to Britain and have more success (unrest in Gaul forces him out though)
54 BC
When did Caesar’s final conquest of Gaul take place
52 BC
Who was Caesar fighting in the final conquest? Where was he fighting?
Vercingetorix (a Gallic chieftan who united the tribes in rebellion)
-Battle of Alesia (Caesar defeats Vercingetorix)
How many Gauls dies as a result of Caesar
1 million
Who forms a gang to rival Clodius Pulcher
MIlo
Why did Clodius propose the annexation of Cyprus
The king didn’t pay Clodius’ ransom when he was captured by pirates
In what year do both Pompey and Crassus run for joint Consulship
55 BC
When does Crassus get his Military command
54 BC
Where is Crassus commanding troop
Carrhae (against the parthians)
How do the Parthians execute Crassus
pour molten gold down his throat
How does Clodius Pulcher die
-Clodius and Milo pass each other on the road outside of Rome
-Clodius insults Milo and their goons attack each other
-Clodius takes a spear in the shoulder and runs to a nearby inn
-Milo follows him and murders him
Because of Mile and Clodius, the people riot. Who is set as military dictator to stop them
Pompey
When does Caesar begin heading home
49 BC
What was the Legion that Caesar returned with
13th legion
What was the river that separated Caesar’s province from the rest of Italy
The Rubicorn
What does Caesar say when he crosses the Rubicorn
“Alea iacta est.” (the dies is cast)
What date dies Julius Caesar invade Rome
January 10th, 49 BC
What two trusted men of Caesar defect over to Pompey’s side
Decimus Brutus and Labienus
Why did Labeinus and Brutus defect
-Brutus thinks Caesar is over the line declaring war on Rome
-Labienusis a great general who is outshined by Caesar and is jealous
Who was leading the armies in North Africa that destroyed part of Caesar’s army
Pompey’s general Varrus who was also allied with Juba
How does Bibulus die
He dies of exhaustion trying to prevent Caesar from passing through Greece
When is Caesar defeated at Dyrrachium
48 BC
After Dyrrachium, where does Pompey catch up to Caesar
Pharsalus
After Caesar wins at Pharsalus, who goes over to Caesar’s side
A bunch of Senators and Marcus Brutus
Where does Caesar tail Pompey all the way to
Alexandria
Who is the civil war between in Egypt currently
Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra
What does Ptolemy present Caesar with when he arrives
The head of Pompey (Caesar is greatly offended)
How did Ptolemy kill Pompey
Ptolemy had lured him ashore with the promis of royal support when they had him alone, they murdered him and cut off his head
Who is the child of Caesar and Cleopatra
Caesarion
How does Ptolemy XIII die?
drowns in the Nile while trying to escape
Who invaded Roman Asia while Caesar was in Egypt?
Pharnaces (son of MIthridates)
What does Caesar say after he crushed the upstart in 5 days
“veni, vidi, vici”
How does Pharnaces die
usurped and killed by one of his subbordinates
Who is the Pompeian that Caesar takes into his army that was planning on killing him
Gaius Cassius
How does Caesar escape when he is surrounded by Labienus and Juba
-One of Caesar’s vets tore off his helmet so Labienus could see, screams at Labienus and hurls his spear
-it stabs his horse and Labienus goes down, wounding him
-Caesar’s men barely escape
Where do the Pompeians make their last stand?
Thapsus (46 BC)
What does Cato do after Caesar wins in Thapsus
-he retires to bed, slits his belly, and pulls out his intestines
he cannot live in a world where Caesar is in complete control
-his guests hear him hit the floor and rush in
-a doctor puts his guts back in and sews him up
-When Cato wakes up, sees that he’s still alive, he makes one final entry in the rage journal
-tears open his stitches and pulls his guts out again
What did Caesar say after Cato died
“Cato, I must grudge you your death, as you grudged me the honor of saving your life.”
Who is the son of Pompey that holds one final battle against Caesar
Gnaeus
When and where is the final battle of the war
Munda 45 BC
How outnumbered is Caesar at Munda
40,000 vs 70,000
Caesar said that many times he fought for victory, but at Munda he fought ______
for his life
Who is the tribune that refuses to stand when Caesar returns in triumpth
Aquila
At what festival does Mark Antony offer a crown to Caesar 3 times
Lupercalia
When is Caesar murdered
March 15, 44 BC
Where does Caesar go when he gets killed
Theatre of Pompey
How many times is Caesar stabbed?
23
What are Caesar’s last words
“Kai su, teknon?”
(“You too, my child?” - in reference to Brutus)
