Caelen

Question 1

How do Anatomy & physiology differ?

Answer 1

Anatomy is the study of of body STRUCTURES, physiology is the study of how these body structures FUNCTION.

Question 2

What is the most basic level of structure in the human body?

Answer 2

The chemical level: atoms (like oxygen, hydrogen and calcium) + molecules (atoms joined together) like glucose and DNA.

Question 3

What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body, and their basic function?

Answer 3

The epithelial tissue protects the body, covering body surfaces and organs and lining hollow cavities. Connective tissue connects organs and distributes blood vessels to other tissues. Muscular tissue contracts to make things move and generate heat. Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another via electrical impulses.

Question 4

What are the 6 levels of of structure in the body?

Answer 4

Chemical level, cellular level (cells), tissue level, organ level (group of tissues), system level (group of organs) and organism level (a single individual).

Question 5

What is a body system and how many are there?

Answer 5

Related organs with a common function. 11 systems.

Question 6

Which body system involves the skin? What other structures does it involve?

Answer 6

The integumentary system. Besides the skin, includes hair, nails, seat and oil glands.

Question 7

Which body system regulates hormones and which glands does it do this via?

Answer 7

The endocrine system. Uses the hormone-producing glands pineal, pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes.

Question 8

Name the 11 body systems.

Answer 8

Integumentary (skin), skeletal (bones), muscular (muscles), nervous (brain), endocrine (hormones), cardiovascular (blood), lymphatic (immune), respiratory (oxygen), digestive (nutrients and wastes), urinary (ph and wastes) and reproductive (gametes and sexual response).

Question 9

What abilities categorise a human body a living thing?

Answer 9

Metabolism, response, movement, growth, differentiation and reproduction.

Question 10

What are the 5 fluids that help maintain homeostasis? What are they all categorised as?

Answer 10

Plasma (blood), lymph (immune) cerebrospinal (brain), synovial (joints), aqueous humour (eyes) and vitreous body (eyes). All 5 are types of interstitial fluids.

Question 11

What are the 2 types of feedback systems in humans, and give an example of each.

Answer 11

Negative feedback system - reverses a change in a controlled condition. So when your blood pressure or body temp gets too high, it initiates steps to bring it back down.
Positive feedback system - continues or strengthens a current change. So giving birth and blood clotting at a wound site are examples of a positive change.

Question 12

What 3 components work in a feedback loop?

Answer 12

Receptor (monitors changes and sends signal AWAY (afferent) from receptor towards control center. Using AFFERENT pathway. Control center sets the range for that condition and when needed sends a command TOWARDS the effector along an EFFERENT pathway (think effect). Effector receives the command and produces a response to affect the controlled condition.

Question 13

Which feedback system aims to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 13

Negative feedback system.

Question 14

Are disorder and disease the same?

Answer 14

No. A disorder is any abnormality of a structure or function (but it can be benign or managed) whereas a disease is an illness with a recognisable set of signs and symptoms.

Question 15

How does prone differ from supine?

Answer 15

Prone is a patient lying on their stomach; supine is lying on their back.

Question 16

What are the 5 regional terms for body areas?

Answer 16

Head/cephalic, cervical/neck, thoracic/trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs.

Question 17

What direction is the heart from the abdomen?

Answer 17

Superior (towards the head).

Question 18

What direction in humans is the same as dorsal in animals?

Answer 18

Posterior.

Question 19

What does ipsilateral mean? What is the opposite?

Answer 19

On the same side as. Contralateral is the opposite side as.

Question 20

Where is the knee in relation to the foot? Why wouldn’t you use Superior here?

Answer 20

The knee is proximal to the foot. Because proximal and distal usually refer to limbs, whereas superior is usually used for the trunk/neck/head.

Question 21

What 4 planes can intersect the body and how do they?

Answer 21

Sagittal (left/right halves), frontal (anterior/posterior halves), tranverse (top/bottom) and oblique (angled).

Question 22

If you dived the body into two unequal halves (right/left) what plane did you divide it on?

Answer 22

Parasagittal plane. 2 unequal halves.

Question 23

What line does the midsagittal plane run along?

Answer 23

The midline.

Question 24

What is a body cavity?

Answer 24

A space that encloses an internal organ.

Question 25

What are the 4 major body cavities?

Answer 25

Cranial, Vertebral, thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Question 26

How is the thoracic cavity further divided?

Answer 26

Pleural cavity (between layers of pleura that surround the lungs), pericardial cavity (between layers of pleura that surround the heart) and mediastinum (central cavity between both lungs, from spine to sternum and 1st rib to diaphragm.