Caelen Flashcards
Study Anat & Physio
How do Anatomy & physiology differ?
Anatomy is the study of of body STRUCTURES, physiology is the study of how these body structures FUNCTION.
What is the most basic level of structure in the human body?
The chemical level: atoms (like oxygen, hydrogen and calcium) + molecules (atoms joined together) like glucose and DNA.
What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body, and their basic function?
The epithelial tissue protects the body, covering body surfaces and organs and lining hollow cavities. Connective tissue connects organs and distributes blood vessels to other tissues. Muscular tissue contracts to make things move and generate heat. Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another via electrical impulses.
What are the 6 levels of of structure in the body?
Chemical level, cellular level (cells), tissue level, organ level (group of tissues), system level (group of organs) and organism level (a single individual).
What is a body system and how many are there?
Related organs with a common function. 11 systems.
Which body system involves the skin? What other structures does it involve?
The integumentary system. Besides the skin, includes hair, nails, seat and oil glands.
Which body system regulates hormones and which glands does it do this via?
The endocrine system. Uses the hormone-producing glands pineal, pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
Name the 11 body systems.
Integumentary (skin), skeletal (bones), muscular (muscles), nervous (brain), endocrine (hormones), cardiovascular (blood), lymphatic (immune), respiratory (oxygen), digestive (nutrients and wastes), urinary (ph and wastes) and reproductive (gametes and sexual response).
What abilities categorise a human body a living thing?
Metabolism, response, movement, growth, differentiation and reproduction.
What are the 5 fluids that help maintain homeostasis? What are they all categorised as?
Plasma (blood), lymph (immune) cerebrospinal (brain), synovial (joints), aqueous humour (eyes) and vitreous body (eyes). All 5 are types of interstitial fluids.
What are the 2 types of feedback systems in humans, and give an example of each.
Negative feedback system - reverses a change in a controlled condition. So when your blood pressure or body temp gets too high, it initiates steps to bring it back down.
Positive feedback system - continues or strengthens a current change. So giving birth and blood clotting at a wound site are examples of a positive change.
What 3 components work in a feedback loop?
Receptor (monitors changes and sends signal AWAY (afferent) from receptor towards control center. Using AFFERENT pathway. Control center sets the range for that condition and when needed sends a command TOWARDS the effector along an EFFERENT pathway (think effect). Effector receives the command and produces a response to affect the controlled condition.
Which feedback system aims to maintain homeostasis?
Negative feedback system.
Are disorder and disease the same?
No. A disorder is any abnormality of a structure or function (but it can be benign or managed) whereas a disease is an illness with a recognisable set of signs and symptoms.
How does prone differ from supine?
Prone is a patient lying on their stomach; supine is lying on their back.
What are the 5 regional terms for body areas?
Head/cephalic, cervical/neck, thoracic/trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs.
What direction is the heart from the abdomen?
Superior (towards the head).
What direction in humans is the same as dorsal in animals?
Posterior.
What does ipsilateral mean? What is the opposite?
On the same side as. Contralateral is the opposite side as.
Where is the knee in relation to the foot? Why wouldn’t you use Superior here?
The knee is proximal to the foot. Because proximal and distal usually refer to limbs, whereas superior is usually used for the trunk/neck/head.
What 4 planes can intersect the body and how do they?
Sagittal (left/right halves), frontal (anterior/posterior halves), tranverse (top/bottom) and oblique (angled).
If you dived the body into two unequal halves (right/left) what plane did you divide it on?
Parasagittal plane. 2 unequal halves.
What line does the midsagittal plane run along?
The midline.
What is a body cavity?
A space that encloses an internal organ.
What are the 4 major body cavities?
Cranial, Vertebral, thoracic and abdominopelvic.
How is the thoracic cavity further divided?
Pleural cavity (between layers of pleura that surround the lungs), pericardial cavity (between layers of pleura that surround the heart) and mediastinum (central cavity between both lungs, from spine to sternum and 1st rib to diaphragm.
