Cadio

Question 1

Define atherosclerosis

Answer 1

A specific type of ateriosclerosis associated with the build up of plaques in the artery

Question 2

Define arteriosclerosis

Answer 2

A term used to describe the hardening and stiffening of medium and large arteries

Question 3

Name 5 risk factors of arteriosclerosis

Answer 3

Age
Males
Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking

Question 4

What are the main complications of arteriosclerosis

Answer 4

Head- cerebral infarction, subarachnoid haemorrhages
Heart- myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia
Kidney-renal artery stenosis
Peripheral vessels- claudication

Question 5

Define an aneurysm

Answer 5

A localised abnormal dilation of the blood or the heart

Question 6

Give the 5 classifications of aneurysms

Answer 6

1-atherosclerotic 
2-berry
3-dissecting 
4-cardiac 
5-syphilitic 
6-micro

Question 7

What areas are mainly affected by atherosclerotic aneurysms

Answer 7

Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries

Thus restricting blood flow to the lower extremities

Question 8

Where is the berry aneurysm found

Answer 8

In the circle of willis at the base of the brain

Causing subarachnoid haemorrhages

Question 9

Where are micro aneurysms found

Answer 9

Middle branches of cerebral arteries haemorrhages

Retinal micro aneurysms are seen in hypertension and diabetes

Question 10

Where are syphilitic aneurysms found

Answer 10

On the vasa vasorum arterioles feeding the arterial wall causing fibrosis and weakening aortic wall

Question 11

Name 4 types of hypertension

Answer 11

Primary
Secondary
Malignant
Benign

Question 12

What are the effects of systemic hypertension on

Vessels

Answer 12

Vessels- accelerate atherosclerosis muscular arteries have hypertrophy, increased protein deposition

Question 13

What are the effects of systemic hypertension on heart

Answer 13

Accelerates coronary atherosclerosis
Ischemic heart disease
Left ventricle hypertrophy

Question 14

What are the effects of systemic hypertension on kidney

Answer 14

Glomerular sclerosis
Renal vascular sclerosis
Proteinuria

Question 15

What are the effects of systemic hypertension on brain

Answer 15

Intra cerebral haemorrhages

Question 16

What causes pulmonary hypertension outside the lung

Answer 16

Left ventricle failure

Mitral stenosis

Question 17

What causes pulmonary hypertension inside the lung

Answer 17

1Emphysema and chronic bronchitis resulting in hypoxia and vasoconstriction
2 pulmonary emboli obstruct blood vessels and reduce vascular bed

Question 18

Give 5 results of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 18

Rapid lv failure causing blood to flow into alveolar and interstitial spaces causing dyspnoea
Pulmonary arterior wall hypertrophy
Haemorrhages into alveolar spaces
Haemosiderin laden macrophages 
Right ventricle hypertrophy

Question 19

Give 3 effects of diabetic hypertension

Answer 19

1- accelerated atherosclerosis causes peripheral vascular ischemia and gangrene
2-hypertensive vascular disease damages kidneys causing kiemmelsteil wilson nodular glomeruloscherosis
3-capilary micro angiopathy

Question 20

Define vasculitis

Answer 20

Inflammation of the blood vessels

Question 21

Give 2 complications of vasiculitis

Answer 21

Thromosis resulting in

Ischemia or infarction

Question 22

Name 5 types of vasiculitis disease

Answer 22

Giant cell arteries
Pulseless takayashu disease
Buergers disease
Kawasaki vasiculitis

Question 23

Name 3 types of benign tumours

Answer 23

Haemangioma- tumor of small blood vessel
Glomus tumor- finger
Arterio venous malformation- face

Question 24

Name 2 types of malignant tumors

Answer 24

Angiosarcoma- lower limbs head and neck

Kaposis sarcoma- hiv associated