Cabohydrates

Question 1

Carbohydrates are made up of:

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 2

Monosaccharides:

Answer 2

Small, simple sugars
(Glucose, fructose, galactose)

Question 3

Disaccharides:

Answer 3

Large sugars (2 monosaccharides)
(Maltose, sucrose, lactose)

Question 4

Polysaccharides:

Answer 4

Long chain carbohydrates (many monosaccharides)
(Glycogen, starch, cellulose)

Question 5

Carbohydrate functions:

Answer 5

Structure, storage, energy store

Question 6

Carbohydrate general formula:

Answer 6

Cx(H2O)y

Question 7

Glucose:

Answer 7

C6H12O6 - hexose sugar

Question 8

Glucose: Properties

Answer 8

Major energy source, highly soluble, abundant

Question 9

Glucose: structural isomers

Answer 9

alpha glucose: H-OH
beta glucose: OH-H

Question 10

Pentoses (DNA sugars)

Answer 10

> Monosaccharides with 5 carbons

Question 11

Pentoses: structural isomers

Answer 11

Ribose: C2: H-OH
Deoxyribose: C2: H-H

Question 12

Making Di and Polysaccharides:

Answer 12

Condensation reaction: (maltose)

OH groups on C1 of glucose 1 and C4 of glucose 2 react to form a glycosidic bond (O) and water (H2O)

Question 13

Maltose (Disaccharide):

Answer 13

(malt sugar) = glucose + glucose
> alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

Question 14

Sucrose (Disaccharide):

Answer 14

(table sugar) = glucose + fructose
> alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

Question 15

Lactose (Disaccharide):

Answer 15

(milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
> beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

Question 16

Polysaccharides: Functions

Answer 16

Energy stores and structural components of cells

Question 17

Glycogen (Polysaccharide):

Answer 17

> Carbohydrate storage molecule in animals
Stored as small granules (in muscles and liver)
Broken down rapidly into glucose monomers (by hydrolytic enzymes)

Question 18

Glycogen: Structure

Answer 18

> alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
branched
compact
spiralled

Question 19

Starch (Polysaccharide):

Answer 19

> major carbohydrate storage molecule in plants
stored as grains in organelles called plastids
produced from glucose made in photosynthesis
broken down during respiration to provide energy
a source of carbon for producing other molecules

Question 20

Amylopectin: Structure

Answer 20

> alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
branched
compact
spiralled

Question 21

Amylose: Structure

Answer 21

> alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
unbranched
compact
spiralled

Question 22

Cellulose (Homopolysaccharide)

Answer 22

> main part of plant cell walls
prevents cells from rupturing when the take in excess water

Question 23

Cellulose: structure

Answer 23

> beta glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
unbranched
straight chain