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CLINICAL ANATOMY > CA: Foundation > Flashcards

CA: Foundation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of FORM and the gross structure of various parts of the body.

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2
Q

Define clinical anatomy

A

Emphasise on the practical application

“Rather than the nerve innervates the skin, its there is numbness here could it be a nerve”

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3
Q

Define Diagnosis

A

The process of determining the nature of the disorder and the pathological cause

MO & physio refer with this disorder

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4
Q

Define epidemiology

A

Distribution of diseases and determinants of disease.

“Shin pain is prevalent in recruits”

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5
Q

Define Aetiology

A

The study of disease causes including the Mechanism of injury (MOI)

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6
Q

Define pathology

A

Disease processes, this is due to this. Disease path.

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7
Q

Compare and contrast Signs vs Symptoms

A

The patient comes to us with symptoms, pain swelling, unable to weight bear.

We evaluate and determine the signs of a specific issue.

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8
Q

Define prognosis

A

Assessment of the future COA can include treatment plan and loose time line.

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9
Q

Define treatment

A

The intervention made by a clinician, with positive intent

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10
Q

Definie complication

A

A disease or condition arising during treatment.

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11
Q

Name the 6 types of connective tissue

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Fascia
Retinaculum
Tendons
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12
Q

What are the 5 types of bone & example of each

A 
Long - femur
Short  - carpal
irregular - vertebrae
Sesamoid - patella
Flat - scapula
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13
Q

There are two types of bone tissue, what are they?

A

Compact - hard outer shell (usually mature bone)

Spongey - inner core that partly or wholly fills the cavity

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14
Q

Compact bone has two layers, what are they?

A

Superficial - fibrous, blends with ligaments

Deep - growth repair

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15
Q

Define ossification

A

The process in which new bone is formed.

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16
Q

In spongey bone it forms fine threads of bone called what ?

A

Trabeculae

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17
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton ?

A 
Support
Storage
Movement
Protection
Hemopoiesis (production)
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18
Q

What composes the two separations of the skeleton?

A

Axial: skull, spine,sacrum ribs,
Appendicular: upper limb including shoulder girdle
Lower limb including pelvislc girdle

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19
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Cartilaginous fibres that are Aneural, avascular, protects bone and facilitates movement.

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20
Q

What are the types of cartilage ?

A

Hyaline or articular - articular surface of femur
Yellow elastic - epiglottis, pinnar
White fibrous - meniscus, labrum, intervertebral discs.

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21
Q

Ligaments connect bone to bone, name and describe the two categories ? (And their sub categories)

A

Capsular - blend with joint capsule, appear as thickening of capsule.
Accessory ligaments - broken into subcategories
Intra capsular - ACL
Extra capsular - LCL

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22
Q

Name the functions of ligaments? (5)

A 
Direct normal movement
Stabilise or control unwanted movement
Prevent unwanted movement
Proprioceptive role
Protected by muscular reflex
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23
Q

Describe fascia and uts 3 major functions

A

Fascia is a sheet or band of fibrous tissue enveloping, separating or binding together muscles, organs and other soft tissues.

Functions:

Protection
Support
Control

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24
Q

Describe the role of retinaculum

A

Broad single sheet of connective cells, which hold tendons in position.

  • type 1: restricts side to side ROM (e.g knee joint)
  • type 2: prevent tendons bowstringing away
    (lateral ankle, peroneal)
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25
Q

Tendons connect muscle to bone, describe the 4 types

A

Cord
Strap
Aponeurosis
Expansions

26
Q

Functions of a tendon ? (4)

A

Achieve movement by force transition
Provide anchorage for the muscle
The anchorage provides a fulcrum
Reduces and withstands muscular & bony friction

27
Q

Describe a tendon sheath

A

Achillies, EPB, EPL, areas of great mechanical stress. Tubes of fibrous tissue are present, where virtually frictionless gliding.

Tendon sheaths are associated with overuse injuries.

28
Q

Joints: ROM is determined by which 3?

A

Joint shape (bony)
Flexibility of connective tissues (muscles)
Position of the connective tissues (ligiments)

29
Q

Joints can be classified into two groups?

A

Structural - joint cavity, connective tissue

Functional - available ROM

30
Q

Joint classifications, what are the three joint classifications?

A

Fibrous / synarthrosis
Cartilaginous / amphiarthrosis
Synovial / diarthrosis

31
Q

What are the types of synovial joint ?

A 
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Condyloid 
Saddle
Ball & socket
32
Q

Three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

33
Q

Define peristalsis

A

An undulating pushing movement occurring in smooth muscle structures

34
Q

3 functions of skeletal myscle ?

A

Movement
Posture
Heat production

35
Q

What are the roles skeletal muscles can adopt

A

Agonist / prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist / stabilisers
Fixator / neutralisers

36
Q

Skeletal muscle 2 classifications?

A

Pennard - parallel to the origin and insertion

Non-pennate - fibres oblique to origin & insertion

37
Q

Non-pennate muscle types (5)

A 
Quadrilateral 
Strap
Spiral
Fusiform 
Fan
38
Q

Pennate muscle 3 groups ?

A

Uni-pennate - fingers
Bi-pennate - gastrocnemius
Multi-pennate - deltoid

39
Q

Pennate vs non-pennate

A 
Pennate are stronger
Pennate more muscle fibres
Pennate fibres are shorter (less ROM)
Fusiform and strap are weaker forms
Fusiform and strap have wider ROM
40
Q

What are the Phases of tissue healing and their times.

A 
Phase 1: bleeding snd inflammation 
(0-8 hours) (6-72 hours)
Phase 2: proliferation
(24 hours- 3 weeks)
Phase 3: remodeling 
(1-20 weeks)
41
Q

Characteristics of inflammation (4)

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain

42
Q

Compare & contrast intrinsic vs extrinsic trauma.

A

Extrinsic - external force, usually fractures & dislocations, RTCs.
Intrinsic- jumping, football, meniscus, overuse injuries.

43
Q

Define a gradual onset injury

A

Often an overuse injury
related to biomechanics.
Repeated ankle sprains, tendinopathy, etc

44
Q

For inflammation to be coined chronic how long must it persist?

A

6 weeks

6/52

45
Q

What is the difference between?
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation

A

Acute: Removal of the stimulus
Chronic: Stimulus persists and the inflammatory cycle continues

46
Q

Sprain vs Strain

A

Sprain - ligament

Strain - muscle

47
Q

Function of a muscle ?

Function of a ligament ?

A

To produce force

Control unwanted movement

48
Q

Logament injury classifications + percentages

A

Grade 1 - minor sprain <30%
Grade 2 - moderate sprain >30%
Grade 3 - complete rupture >85%

49
Q

Signs & symptoms of a ligament injury

A 
Bruising - clear MOI
Swelling - pop sensation
Muscle spasm - feeling of instability 
Reduced ROM - Aunable to weight bear.
Increased range of motion - pain
50
Q

3 types of muscle injury

A

Contusion
Muscle strain
Muscle soreness

51
Q

Classification of muscle strains + percentage + days

A

1 - <30% - 1-10 days
2 - 30> - 1-2 weeks
3 >85% - months

52
Q

Types of tendon injury (3)

A

Tendon rupture
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis

53
Q

Define a pathological fracture

A

One caused by something that has already weakened the bone, osteoporosis, cancer.

54
Q

Name as many types of fractures as possible

A 
Greenstick 
Transverse
Oblique
Comminuted 
Avulsion 
Stress
Compression
Depressed
Spiral
Complicated
Impact
55
Q

3 complications following a fracture

A

Neural
Vascular
Joint line / articular fracture

56
Q

Fracture healing principles + weeks

A

Haematoma - 0-2
Soft callus (fibrocartilagious) 1-4
Hard callus 2-6 weeks
Remodelling 4 - 16 weeks

57
Q

Principals of treatment (3)

A

Reduction
Immobilisation
Rehabilitation

58
Q

Give an example of immobilisation in repair

A

Plaster of paris splint

59
Q

Factors effecting repair (8)

A 
Degree of damage 
Type of bone 
Age
Blood supply
Harmful movement
Nutrition/smoking
Fitness
Education
60
Q

Rehabilitation 6 factors in fracture repair

A 
Reduce pain
Increase ROM
Promote healing
Maintain fitness
Enhance nutrition
Restore function

CLINICAL ANATOMY (3 decks)

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