CA: Foundation Flashcards
Revise for exam
Define Anatomy
The study of FORM and the gross structure of various parts of the body.
Define clinical anatomy
Emphasise on the practical application
“Rather than the nerve innervates the skin, its there is numbness here could it be a nerve”
Define Diagnosis
The process of determining the nature of the disorder and the pathological cause
MO & physio refer with this disorder
Define epidemiology
Distribution of diseases and determinants of disease.
“Shin pain is prevalent in recruits”
Define Aetiology
The study of disease causes including the Mechanism of injury (MOI)
Define pathology
Disease processes, this is due to this. Disease path.
Compare and contrast Signs vs Symptoms
The patient comes to us with symptoms, pain swelling, unable to weight bear.
We evaluate and determine the signs of a specific issue.
Define prognosis
Assessment of the future COA can include treatment plan and loose time line.
Define treatment
The intervention made by a clinician, with positive intent
Definie complication
A disease or condition arising during treatment.
Name the 6 types of connective tissue
Bone Cartilage Ligaments Fascia Retinaculum Tendons
What are the 5 types of bone & example of each
Long - femur Short - carpal irregular - vertebrae Sesamoid - patella Flat - scapula
There are two types of bone tissue, what are they?
Compact - hard outer shell (usually mature bone)
Spongey - inner core that partly or wholly fills the cavity
Compact bone has two layers, what are they?
Superficial - fibrous, blends with ligaments
Deep - growth repair
Define ossification
The process in which new bone is formed.
In spongey bone it forms fine threads of bone called what ?
Trabeculae
What are the functions of the skeleton ?
Support Storage Movement Protection Hemopoiesis (production)
What composes the two separations of the skeleton?
Axial: skull, spine,sacrum ribs,
Appendicular: upper limb including shoulder girdle
Lower limb including pelvislc girdle
Describe cartilage
Cartilaginous fibres that are Aneural, avascular, protects bone and facilitates movement.
What are the types of cartilage ?
Hyaline or articular - articular surface of femur
Yellow elastic - epiglottis, pinnar
White fibrous - meniscus, labrum, intervertebral discs.
Ligaments connect bone to bone, name and describe the two categories ? (And their sub categories)
Capsular - blend with joint capsule, appear as thickening of capsule.
Accessory ligaments - broken into subcategories
Intra capsular - ACL
Extra capsular - LCL
Name the functions of ligaments? (5)
Direct normal movement Stabilise or control unwanted movement Prevent unwanted movement Proprioceptive role Protected by muscular reflex
Describe fascia and uts 3 major functions
Fascia is a sheet or band of fibrous tissue enveloping, separating or binding together muscles, organs and other soft tissues.
Functions:
Protection
Support
Control
Describe the role of retinaculum
Broad single sheet of connective cells, which hold tendons in position.
- type 1: restricts side to side ROM (e.g knee joint)
- type 2: prevent tendons bowstringing away
(lateral ankle, peroneal)
Tendons connect muscle to bone, describe the 4 types
Cord
Strap
Aponeurosis
Expansions
Functions of a tendon ? (4)
Achieve movement by force transition
Provide anchorage for the muscle
The anchorage provides a fulcrum
Reduces and withstands muscular & bony friction
Describe a tendon sheath
Achillies, EPB, EPL, areas of great mechanical stress. Tubes of fibrous tissue are present, where virtually frictionless gliding.
Tendon sheaths are associated with overuse injuries.
Joints: ROM is determined by which 3?
Joint shape (bony)
Flexibility of connective tissues (muscles)
Position of the connective tissues (ligiments)
Joints can be classified into two groups?
Structural - joint cavity, connective tissue
Functional - available ROM
Joint classifications, what are the three joint classifications?
Fibrous / synarthrosis
Cartilaginous / amphiarthrosis
Synovial / diarthrosis
What are the types of synovial joint ?
Hinge Pivot Gliding Condyloid Saddle Ball & socket
Three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Define peristalsis
An undulating pushing movement occurring in smooth muscle structures
3 functions of skeletal myscle ?
Movement
Posture
Heat production
What are the roles skeletal muscles can adopt
Agonist / prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist / stabilisers
Fixator / neutralisers
Skeletal muscle 2 classifications?
Pennard - parallel to the origin and insertion
Non-pennate - fibres oblique to origin & insertion
Non-pennate muscle types (5)
Quadrilateral Strap Spiral Fusiform Fan
Pennate muscle 3 groups ?
Uni-pennate - fingers
Bi-pennate - gastrocnemius
Multi-pennate - deltoid
Pennate vs non-pennate
Pennate are stronger Pennate more muscle fibres Pennate fibres are shorter (less ROM) Fusiform and strap are weaker forms Fusiform and strap have wider ROM
What are the Phases of tissue healing and their times.
Phase 1: bleeding snd inflammation (0-8 hours) (6-72 hours) Phase 2: proliferation (24 hours- 3 weeks) Phase 3: remodeling (1-20 weeks)
Characteristics of inflammation (4)
Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Compare & contrast intrinsic vs extrinsic trauma.
Extrinsic - external force, usually fractures & dislocations, RTCs.
Intrinsic- jumping, football, meniscus, overuse injuries.
Define a gradual onset injury
Often an overuse injury
related to biomechanics.
Repeated ankle sprains, tendinopathy, etc
For inflammation to be coined chronic how long must it persist?
6 weeks
6/52
What is the difference between?
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Acute: Removal of the stimulus
Chronic: Stimulus persists and the inflammatory cycle continues
Sprain vs Strain
Sprain - ligament
Strain - muscle
Function of a muscle ?
Function of a ligament ?
To produce force
Control unwanted movement
Logament injury classifications + percentages
Grade 1 - minor sprain <30%
Grade 2 - moderate sprain >30%
Grade 3 - complete rupture >85%
Signs & symptoms of a ligament injury
Bruising - clear MOI Swelling - pop sensation Muscle spasm - feeling of instability Reduced ROM - Aunable to weight bear. Increased range of motion - pain
3 types of muscle injury
Contusion
Muscle strain
Muscle soreness
Classification of muscle strains + percentage + days
1 - <30% - 1-10 days
2 - 30> - 1-2 weeks
3 >85% - months
Types of tendon injury (3)
Tendon rupture
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis
Define a pathological fracture
One caused by something that has already weakened the bone, osteoporosis, cancer.
Name as many types of fractures as possible
Greenstick Transverse Oblique Comminuted Avulsion Stress Compression Depressed Spiral Complicated Impact
3 complications following a fracture
Neural
Vascular
Joint line / articular fracture
Fracture healing principles + weeks
Haematoma - 0-2
Soft callus (fibrocartilagious) 1-4
Hard callus 2-6 weeks
Remodelling 4 - 16 weeks
Principals of treatment (3)
Reduction
Immobilisation
Rehabilitation
Give an example of immobilisation in repair
Plaster of paris splint
Factors effecting repair (8)
Degree of damage Type of bone Age Blood supply Harmful movement Nutrition/smoking Fitness Education
Rehabilitation 6 factors in fracture repair
Reduce pain Increase ROM Promote healing Maintain fitness Enhance nutrition Restore function
