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Gsce Chemistry > C9 Crude oil and fuels > Flashcards

C9 Crude oil and fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

is crude oil finite or infinite?

A

finite

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2
Q

How was crude oil formed?

A

over millions of years from the remains of tiny, ancients sea animals and plants, mainly plankton, that were buried in the mud.

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3
Q

How is the remains of animals and plants in mud turned into crude oil?

A

over time layers of rock was laid down on tip creating conditions to make crude oil

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4
Q

What conditions are needed to make crude oil?

A

high pressure and temperature in absence of oxgen

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5
Q

What is the appearance of crude oil

A

Dark, smelly liquid

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6
Q

What is crude oil?

A

a mixture of many different carbon compounds

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7
Q

Nearly all the compounds found in crude oil contain what 2 elements?

A

hydrogen and carbon

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8
Q

What are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon called?

A

hydrocarbons

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9
Q

How can mixtures of liquids be separated?

A

using distillation

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10
Q

Can you use crude oil straight from the ground?

A

no

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11
Q

Why can’t you use crude oil from ground?

A

too many substances in it with different boiling points

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12
Q

before crude oil can be used what needs to happen

A

separated into different substances with similar boiling points

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13
Q

What are crude oil separated into?

A

fractions

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14
Q

What process can separate these fractions of crude oil?

A

distillations

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15
Q

What does distillation do?

A

separates liquids with different boiling points

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16
Q

What is the most common hydrocarbon found in crude oil?

A

alkanes

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17
Q

how can you describe alkaline?

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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18
Q

What type of bonds do carbon carbon bonds have in alkanes

A

single covalent bonds

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19
Q

how many carbon atoms does meth- have

A

1

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20
Q

How many carbon atoms does eth- have

A

2

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21
Q

How many carbon atoms does prop- have

A

3

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22
Q

how many carbon atoms does but- have

A

4

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23
Q

What is the general formula for alkaline molecules?

A

C(n)H(2n + 2)

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24
Q

What do all alkane hydrocarbons end in?

A

-ane

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25
Q

What length chain hydrocarbon molecules are most useful

A

Shorter length

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26
Q

Why are shorter length hydrocarbons more useful?

A

ignite easily, burn well with clean flame

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27
Q

What are shorter length hydrocarbons described as?

A

Very flammable

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28
Q

Describe the boiling point of a short chain hydrocarbon

A

Lower boiling point

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29
Q

Describe the boiling point of a longer chain hydrocarbon

A

higher boiling point

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30
Q

Describe the volatility of a shorter chain hydrocarbon

A

higher volatility

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31
Q

Describe the volatility of a longer chain hydrocarbon

A

lower volatility

32
Q

Describe the viscosity of a shorter chain hydrocarbon

A

low viscosity (very runny)

33
Q

Describe the viscosity of a longer chain hydrocarbon

A

high viscosity (thick)

34
Q

Describe the flammability of a shorter chain hydrocarbon

A

higher flammability

35
Q

Describe the flammability of a longer chain hydrocarbon

A

lower flammability (smoky flame)

36
Q

What process separates crude oil into fractions

A

fractional distillation

37
Q

What does each hydrocarbon fraction contain

A

molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms

38
Q

Do fractions all have same boiling point?

A

no

39
Q

Does a fraction all have the same boiling point?

A

no - it is a range

40
Q

Can you name 5 fractions of crude oil?

A

petrolium, petrol, kerosene, diesel, residue

41
Q

Can you describe the chains length and uses of petrolium

A

short-chain hydrocarbons with a low melting point alkanes, used as fuel

42
Q

Can you describe the uses of petrol

A

used in fuel for car engines

43
Q

Can you describe the uses of kerosene

A

used for aircraft fuel

44
Q

Can you describe the uses of diesel

A

used as fuel in diesel engines and as a boiler fuel

45
Q

Can you describe the uses and length chain of residue

A

very thick, sticky mixture of long-chain hydrocarbons, used in making roads and flat roofs

46
Q

what happens before the crude oil goes into the tower?

A

it is vaporised

47
Q

Where is crude oil heated from?

A

the bottom of a tower

48
Q

What is the tower in fractional distillation called?

A

fractionating column

49
Q

The temperature is coolest where

A

at the top

50
Q

What state are the fractions collected in?

A

liquid state

51
Q

What two fractions aren’t collected as liquids and why?

A

petrolium is collected as a gas, residue is collected as very thick liquids of solids

52
Q

Can the fractions be used straight after being separated?

A

no they need more processing

53
Q

What are the products of complete combustion

A

carbon dioxide and water

54
Q

In complete combustion what happens to the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel

A

they are oxidised completely

55
Q

Draw the word equation for complete combustion of propane

A

Propane + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

56
Q

Draw the symbol equation for the complete combustion of propane

A

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) -> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

57
Q

What two tests can you do to analyze if you’ve completed complete combustion

A

-blue cobalt chloride paper for water because it changes color when in contact with water
limewater turns cloudy when CO2 is present

58
Q

When does incomplete combustion take place?

A

when there isn’t enough oxygen in the surroundings

59
Q

Why when there’s not enough oxygen for complete combustion does it turn into carbon monoxide?

A

because it requires less oxygen to form than CO2

60
Q

Is carbon monoxide dangerous and why?

A

It is a toxic gas and is colourless and odourless. Red blood cells pick it up and carry it around instead of oxygen

61
Q

Write the formula for incomplete combustion of butane

A

C4H10 + 4.502 -> 4CO + 5H2O

62
Q

What type of hydrocarbons are in low demand

A

Heavier fractions of longer length chains - thick solids with high boiling points

63
Q

How can larger hydrocarbons be broken down into smaller hydrocarbons?

A

cracking

64
Q

Where does cracking take place

A

at oil refineries in still vessels called crackers

65
Q

What happens in the cracker?

A

a heavy fraction distilled from crude oil is heated to vaporize the hydrocarbons. The vapor is then passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature

66
Q

The hydrocarbons are cracked while what reactions takes place?

A

thermal decomposition

67
Q

Draw an example of cracking using decane

A

C10H22 -(500c + catalyst)> C5H12 + C3H6 + C2H4

68
Q

What does the two parts of pentane show us?

A

pent - five carbon atoms
ane - it is an alkane

69
Q

What are alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons - most amount of hydrogen as possible in them

70
Q

What does the two parts of propene show us?

A

prop - three carbon atoms
ene - it is an alkene

71
Q

What are alkenes?

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain at least one double carbon covalent bond - because they have 2 fewer hydrogen atoms in molecules than alkanes

72
Q

What is a positive test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

turns orange bromine water colorless

73
Q

Why does the bromine water test work?

A

Alkanes don’t react with bromine water so test distinguishes alkenes from alkanes

74
Q

Can you describe the method for cracking of medicinal paraffin

A

-set up the apparatus
-heat the test tube up and put a test tube above the safety valve to collect the alkenes

75
Q

What is the apparatus for the cracking of medicinal paraffin?

A

ceramic wool soaked in medicinal paraffin, bunsen burner, 2 test tubes, broken pot(catalyst), delivery tube, bung, safety valve, tub of water

76
Q

What are the two tests you can complete from experiment of cracking medicinal paraffin to show it is an alkene?

A

-Burns in air
-Reacts with bromide water, which s orange, decoloursing it

Gsce Chemistry (15 decks)

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