C.9 Cell Communication Flashcards
Ligand
Signaling Molecule that binds to a specific receptor, initiating cell signal transduction.
Receptor Protein
A protein that can bind to ligands and initiate signal transduction pathways.
Paracrine
Local and short-lived cell signaling.
Hormone
A molecule that is produced in one area and starts a certain cellular reaction in organs and target tissues some distance away.
Endocrine signaling
The type of intercellular signaling that uses Hormones
Synaptic Signaling
Short-lived neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the gap, called synapse, between nerves and target cells.
Direct Contact
molecules on the plasma membrane of a cell attach to an adjacent cells’ receptor molecules.
Signal Transduction
Intracellular events initiated by a signaling event
___ can be controlled by ___ added by __ and removed by ____
Proteins, phosphate, kinase, phosphatase enzymes
What defines a Receptor?
Location and chemical nature of ligands
What are the 3 subclasses of Membrane receptors?
Channel-linked, Enzymatic, Protein-coupled
Channel Linked
Chemically gated ion channels that allow specific ions to go through a central pore.
Enzymatic receptors
enzymes that start when bound to a ligand; often are protein kinases
G protein
Coupled receptors that control effector proteins functions; Ion or enzyme channels.
What can Membrane receptors generate?
second messengers
What are the two common second messengers?
cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium ions
Intracellular Receptors
receptor proteins found on the inside of the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus
____ affects gene expression
Steroid Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Bind to cytoplasmic receptors and are then transported to the nucleus, aka nucleus receptors
What are the 3 functional domains of Nuclear receptors?
Hormone-Binding, DNA-binding, and transcription-activating
What does a cells response to lipid-soluble signal depend on?
The hormone-receptor complex and other protein coactivators around
What are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
A large group of membrane receptors when activated have kinase enzymatic activity. Specifically they phosphorylate enzyme activity
What activates RTKs?
autophosphorylation
