C.9 Cell Communication

Question 1

Ligand

Answer 1

Signaling Molecule that binds to a specific receptor, initiating cell signal transduction.

Question 2

Receptor Protein

Answer 2

A protein that can bind to ligands and initiate signal transduction pathways.

Question 3

Paracrine

Answer 3

Local and short-lived cell signaling.

Question 4

Hormone

Answer 4

A molecule that is produced in one area and starts a certain cellular reaction in organs and target tissues some distance away.

Question 5

Endocrine signaling

Answer 5

The type of intercellular signaling that uses Hormones

Question 6

Synaptic Signaling

Answer 6

Short-lived neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the gap, called synapse, between nerves and target cells.

Question 7

Direct Contact

Answer 7

molecules on the plasma membrane of a cell attach to an adjacent cells’ receptor molecules.

Question 8

Signal Transduction

Answer 8

Intracellular events initiated by a signaling event

Question 9

___ can be controlled by ___ added by __ and removed by ____

Answer 9

Proteins, phosphate, kinase, phosphatase enzymes

Question 10

What defines a Receptor?

Answer 10

Location and chemical nature of ligands

Question 11

What are the 3 subclasses of Membrane receptors?

Answer 11

Channel-linked, Enzymatic, Protein-coupled

Question 12

Channel Linked

Answer 12

Chemically gated ion channels that allow specific ions to go through a central pore.

Question 13

Enzymatic receptors

Answer 13

enzymes that start when bound to a ligand; often are protein kinases

Question 14

G protein

Answer 14

Coupled receptors that control effector proteins functions; Ion or enzyme channels.

Question 15

What can Membrane receptors generate?

Answer 15

second messengers

Question 16

What are the two common second messengers?

Answer 16

cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium ions

Question 17

Intracellular Receptors

Answer 17

receptor proteins found on the inside of the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 18

____ affects gene expression

Answer 18

Steroid Hormones

Question 19

Steroid Hormones

Answer 19

Bind to cytoplasmic receptors and are then transported to the nucleus, aka nucleus receptors

Question 20

What are the 3 functional domains of Nuclear receptors?

Answer 20

Hormone-Binding, DNA-binding, and transcription-activating

Question 21

What does a cells response to lipid-soluble signal depend on?

Answer 21

The hormone-receptor complex and other protein coactivators around

Question 22

What are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)

Answer 22

A large group of membrane receptors when activated have kinase enzymatic activity. Specifically they phosphorylate enzyme activity

Question 23

What activates RTKs?

Answer 23

autophosphorylation