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CHEMISTRY > C9+C10+C11 good luck > Flashcards

C9+C10+C11 good luck Flashcards

1
Q

what is crude oil

A

its the natural oil found in the earth. its useful only after its seperated.

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2
Q

how was crude oil formed

A

crude oil was formed when microscopic sea plants and animals died and fell to he sea bead which was then buried under dust and sediment which piled up over millions of years which increased the temperature and pressure which lead to crude oil being formed.

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3
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon is a compound only made up of hydrogen and carbon.

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4
Q

how can hydrocarbons be collected

A

from the fractionally distilling crude oil

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5
Q

what are alkanes

A

hydrocarbons

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6
Q

name the first 10 alkanes in ascending order so from 1-10

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

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7
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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8
Q

what type of bonds do alkanes have

A

they have covalent bonds

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9
Q

what is the definition of volatility

A

the tendency to turn into a gas

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10
Q

what is the definition of viscosity

A

how easily a substance flows

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11
Q

what is the definition of flammability

A

flammability is how easily something burns

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12
Q

are shorter hydrocarbons more flammable than the longer hydrocarbons

A

yes, the shorter hydrocarbons are more flammable

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13
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

it works by feeding crude oil to the bottom of the distillation column which is hotter at the bottom than the top which means the temperature decreases at the top. so the vapour rises and cold at different places at the chamber which separates the hydrocarbons.

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of short hydrocarbons

A
  • very flammable
  • low boiling points
  • high volatility
  • high viscosity
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15
Q

where would large and short hydrocarbons be found in the fractionating column

A

the longer hydrocarbons are found at the bottom and the short ones are found near the top

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16
Q

what is combustion

A

the process of reacting a fuel with oxygen

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17
Q

what is complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

when a hydrocarbon fully reacts with oxygen to only make water and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

how can you test the presence for carbon dioxide

A

limewater turns cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide

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19
Q

how can we test the presence of water

A

blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink when it comes across water

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20
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur

A

when there’s not enough oxygen

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21
Q

what are all the products of an incomplete combustion reaction with alkanes

A

carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20), and carbon monoxide (CO)

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22
Q

how is carbon monoxide deadly to humans

A

its toxic to humans as the body takes in carbon monoxide rather than oxygen which lowers how much 02 ur cells get.

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23
Q

how is soot dangerous

A

it contributes to global dimming which is when there’s less sunlight reaching the earth

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24
Q

what is cracking

A

the process in which long chains of molecules are broken down into small useful molecules.

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25
Q

name the steps of catalytic cracking

A

the long chains of molecules are heated up into vapours which are then passed over a jot catalyst like aluminium oxide which then causes it to break down into smaller molecules.

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26
Q

name the steps of steam cracking

A

the long hydrocarbon chains are heated up into vapours which are mixed with steam which causes it to break down into smaller more useful molecules

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27
Q

what is needed for cracking

A
  • high temperatures
  • a catalyst or steam
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28
Q

why is cracking used in the oil industry

A

large molecules of hydrocarbons have limited uses whilst shorter chains of hydrocarbons have more uses

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29
Q

what is the difference between an alkane and an alkene

A

an alkene has a double bond which makes it more reactive than an alkane

30
Q

how do you test for an alkene

A

orange bromine water turns colourless when in contact with an alkene

31
Q

what is the general formula for an alkene

32
Q

what type of reaction is know as cracking

A

thermal decomposition

33
Q

what type of reaction is know as cracking

A

thermal decomposition

34
Q

what type is saturated hydrocarbon

35
Q

what’s a functional group

A

a group of atoms which decides a compound’s characteristic reactions

36
Q

whats a homologous series

A

a group of compounds with the same functional group

37
Q

what is the word equation for combustion reaction of an alkene

A

alkene + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

38
Q

do alkenes usually undergo complete combustion or incomplete combustion

A

incomplete combustion

39
Q

what is the word equation for am alkene undergoing complete combustion

A

alkene + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

40
Q

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

because of the double bonds

41
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

when an atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule

42
Q

how can we saturate alkenes

A

by adding hydrogen to them

43
Q

what is a hydration reaction with alkenes

A

a reaction when water is added to a molecule to create an alcohol

44
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols

45
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH eg CH3OH

46
Q

how is ethanol made in the natural way

A

glucose (through the power of yeast) —–> ethanol + carbon dioxide

47
Q

what happens when you react an alkene with a halogen

A

you get a compound which begins with di e.g dibromoethane

48
Q

what happens when you react an alcohol with sodium

A

they produce sodium somethingoxide (depends on the alcohol) + hydrogen gas

49
Q

what happens when an alcohol undergoes combustion

A

it forms carbon dioxide and water

50
Q

what happens during an oxidation reaction of an alcohol

A

alcohol + oxygen —> carboxylic acid + water

51
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acid

52
Q

whats the general formula for Carboxylic acid

A

CnH2n+1COOH

53
Q

what are some of the properties of carboxylic acid

A
  • dissolve in water to form a weak acidic solution
  • not flammable
54
Q

why do carboxylic acids dissolve in water

A

ionisation occurs in the solution which means they release H+ ions. However the carboxylic acid doesn’t fully ionise which makes it a weak acid

55
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids reacts with carbonates

A

they form CO2, salt and H20

56
Q

what happens when carboxylic acid reacts with metals

A

they form a salt and hydrogen

57
Q

what happens when carboxylic acid reacts with alkaline substances

A

they form a salt and hydrogen

58
Q

name the alkanes from 1 carbon to 5 carbons

A

methane - 1
ethane - 2
propane - 3
butane - 4
pentane - 5

59
Q

what is the functional group of esters

60
Q

how are esters formed

A

via a condensation reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid

61
Q

how do you name an ester

A

the starting name of the alcohol + yl and then the starting bit of the acid + oate e.g
propanol + ethanoic acid —> propyl ethanoate

62
Q

what is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

A

a reversible reaction in which an ester and water if formed

63
Q

what are some of the uses of esters

A

for flavourings and perfumes

64
Q

what is a monomer

A

a small molecule which can be bonded together to form a polymer

65
Q

what is a polymer

A

a very large molecule with repeating units made up of smaller molecules call monomer

66
Q

what is additional polymerisation

A

when alkene monomers bind together to make 1 product which is the polymer

67
Q

what is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

in additional polymerisation only 1 product is formed while for condensation polymerisation , 2 products are formed, one is the polymer another is a small molecule

68
Q

what is a diol

A

an alcohol monomer with a -OH functional group

69
Q

what is carboxylic acid

A

an acid monomer with the functional group -COOH at the end

70
Q

what is an ester link

A

the bit where the 2 monomers connect

71
Q

what is polymerisation

A

the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer

72
Q

name the 2 most simple carbohydrates

A

fructose and glucose

CHEMISTRY (12 decks)

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